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Fusion, Shale Oil & Gas, Coal, Fusion, Fuel Cells

1. The Toyota fcv has a 100kw fuel cell stack with a 500km range. Refuel times are three minutes

2. Production is expected to start by 2015

3. Hydrogen storage is in a high pressure tank

http://www.caradvice.com.au/258515/toyota-fcv-hydrogen-powered-concept-revealed/" "1. Yat Li developed a solar-microbial device to produced hydrogen. The Microbial fuel cell (MFC) uses bacteria to degrade organic matter and produce electricity. The Photoelectrical cell generating the electricity splits the water using electrolysis.

2. The Li, hybrid device is self-sustaining, “bio battery”. The two energy sources are waste water and sunlight.

3. The device relies on a bacteria known as electrogenic bacteria. The bacteria generates electric by “transferring metabolically generated electrons across their cell membrane to an external electrode.” http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/10/131010205331.htm " "According to flow theory gravity is all mechanical.

Gravity is caused by the gravitational flow, and the gravitational flow is created by the hexagonal quark lattice, see below.

Gravity is like a river flow. If you jump in a river the water will pull you along. If you grab a tree branch in the river, the water will keep pulling you.

The gravitational flow is just like the river flow, except the universal medium particles are so fine that it does not feel like water or air flow but feels exactly like gravity.

The gravitational flow is created by the stellar hexagonal quark lattice: The hexagonal quark lattice is “very hot matter”at temperature Thql. The matter quark flows combine to form three dimensional matter frameworks at low temperature. However at high temperature – Thql the lower energy bonds are broken, releasing the energy, and only the strongest up quark – down quark bonds survive. Look at fig 26 and 27, pp. 77. 3 of the up quark 4 Twister Flows bond to 3 down quarks, and create the hexagonal quark lattice. This leaves one Twister Flow to form the external gravitational flow of universal medium particles.

At lower temperature that flow helps create matter frameworks of quarks.

In the Flow Theory of matter there are no fields. Everything is mechanical. In filed theory these flows are modeled as electric fields, gravity fields, etc. The problem is that the gravitational field is a static model and cannot explain where the stars get their energy from. The Flow theory gravitational flow explains the source for the stars’ energy with the absorption of huge volumes of interstellar particles with small quantities of energy. Think about the whales in the Oceans. The whales are the biggest animals on Earth and they feed on large volumes of the smallest plankton in the Oceans. Likewise, the stars and planet “feed” on huge volumes of even smaller particles with small interstellar energy. The stars absorb these particles via the gravitational flow, creating the effect of gravity. " "1. The two fluid molt reactor design has a core salt of lithium beryllium plus uranium tetra-flouride 233(LiF-BeF+Uf4)

2. Uranium Hexaflouride UF6 from the blanket is removed an moved to a fluorine column.

3. Uranium tetraflouride (UF4) has four fluoride ions, a gas

4. Uranium hexafluoride (UF6) has six fluoride ions, a solution

5. Flouride gas is injected into the fluorine column and cause the uranium to separate.

6. Core salt is introduced to the Hexaflouride and hydrogen is injected. Hydrogen will bond with two fluorine ions producing tetraflouride. The Hydrogen fluoride is extracted and hit with electricity creating hydrogen and fluorine ready for use.

7. A little Thorium fluoride is fed into the blanket " "1. In 2011, lightbridge share price was $6 or 4.8 times book value.

2. Lightbridge technology could reduce radioactive waste from nuclear weapon production

3. The Thorium reactor design could lead to a 50% reduction in volume of Uranium

4. Lightbridge reactors could result in a 90% reduction in long term radio toxicity, after 200 to 300 years

5. Thorium technology could increase reactor power by 30% and lower the cost per megawatt of energy

6. Why is Lightbridge still reporting a loss? (http://seekingalpha.com/article/259517-why-lightbridge-is-still-reporting-losses-despite-a-promising-technology)

7. China announced it would build a new thorium based molten salt reactor.

8. Kirk Sorensen’s company Flibe Energy is developing a small thorium powered reactor using a liquid salt core.

9. The world has an estimated 4.4 million tons of Thorium (http://www.forbes.com/sites/williampentland/2011/09/11/is-thorium-the-biggest-energy-breakthrough-since-fire-possibly/)

10. U-233 can be bred from thorium in a blanket

11. U-233 is better than uranium-235 and plutonium-239, because of its higher neutron yield per neutron absorbed

12. When U238 absorbs a neutron, it transmutes into U239 rapidly decaying into neptunium-239 and then into plutonium-239 " "1. In Robert Bussards electrostatic fusion reactor the fusion fuel is confined by a spherical voltage potential well of 100,000 volts

2. The reactor use hydrogen and boron 11 as fuels. The fuel fuses without the release of radiation and neutrons

3. A Bussard fusion reactor with a radius of 2.5 to 3 meters burning hydrogen and boron 11 produces 4500 to 8000 megawatts.

http://www.ibiblio.org/lunar/school/InterStellar/Explorer_Class/Bussard_Fusion_systems.HTML

4. Weylend is developing the ""raw lambda fusion"" system. Weylend is predicting RLF will be the most wide spread source of power. The RLF reactor is capable of providing power to 23 million households and 15 million businesses. " "1. Moniz says fossil fuels make up 85% of the energy. Moniz says transportation is all oil. However, Moniz is afraid of greenhouse. This means Moniz preaches nuclear energy as the future. 680 quadrillion watts is his transforming system to a lower carbon world. 680,0000 trillion watts of power.

2. Moniz says the energy shift occurs within 50 years. However, Moniz is afraid of CO2 concentrations to such a degree that he says time is up. The issue is changing the oil energy system in the next ten years. Moniz wants electricity acceleration. Moniz may be forced to accept LENR as a trade off to CO2 emissions. Otherwise Moniz is going to preach for more light water reactors, say $56 billion worth of new light water reactors plus a massive spent fuel storage program.

3. How is China going to reduce C02 emission by 50% by 2025? Is China going electric vehicles and nuclear? Yes. China is racing to become nuclear power energy.

4. Moniz thinks CO2 in the US will be reduced 17% by 2025. Moniz want to reduce demand for oil and replace systems with natural gas. Moniz is killing big coal with his objectives.

5. Dr Moniz says nuclear energy is the only game in town. Monitz says small reactors maybe the future but says the technology will need to be developed and adopted. Monitz says the nuclear energy licensing process is tortuous and does not see change for 10 to 20 years. Monitz is uncertain that small nuclear reactors will compete in the market place.

6. Nuclear energy business costs $36 billion in loan guarantees a year to continue operations. In other words nuclear energy costs exceed profits. One nuclear plant costs $5 to 6 billion. Nuclear power plants include nuclear waste management and costs. Storage of nuclear waste is expensive. There have been no new nuclear reactors in 30 years. Japan, China, and Korea have more active in new nuclear energy reactors . The US nuclear power needs to take leadership as the dominate consumer of energy in the world.

7. Kazimi says, fast reactors will produce energy with high grade fuel and consume spent fuel waste. Kazimi says faster breeder reactors are not needed and a self sustaining reactor is not needed. Fast reactors recycle spent fuel. What is the transgenetic burden of the system? 5 years of storage is needed before recycle will be possible. Kazimi seems to be supporting the idea of waste fuel storage rather than consumption of the spent fuel.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Skk3BvA-wk" "1. Hydrogen Boron pB11 = p+B11->3He4 + 8.9 MeV

2. Moving charged particle is electricity, no radioactive waste

3. High power transforms take the charged particles into electricity

4. Boron is adequate and abundant

5. Temperatures must reach 1 billion degrees and x-ray emission occurs

6. Three approaches to fusion: Dense plasma focus (DPF), Field reverse collision collider beam (FRC CB), inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC)

7. A current flows from the cathode and anode producing counter rotating filaments. The filaments focus into the focus region. The filaments compress into a plasmoid. When the plasmodia get dense enough, radiation accretes out of each end, the electromagnet field drops, and fusion occurs.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O4w_dzSvVaM " "1. Sonoluminescence arrive when sound waves above 18,000 cycles per second collapse a gas bubble creating intense heat. The process is called acoustic cavitation.

2. The reaction is termed ""acoustic inertial confinement fusion, since the inertia of the collapsing bubble wall confines the energy.

3. The Sonoluminenscence is the emission of short bursts of light from the imploding bubbles

4. Purdue University has built an inexpensive tabletop device. A glass test chamber filled with deuterated acetone which contains deuterium is bombarded with ultrasound frequency. The bubbles expand then implode. The fusion reactions are producing 2.5 mega-electron volts and yield tritium as a byproduct. 2.5 MeV and tritium as signatures for fusion reaction emissions.

http://www.purdue.edu/uns/html4ever/2005/050712.Xu.fusion.html

5. 7 x 10^5 neutrons should be produced fromt tritium data

6. The detection efficiency of 2.5 MeV and 14-MeV was measured

7. ""The SCINFUL code predictions of detector efficiency presented by Saltmarsh and Shapira do not match the count rates measured""

8. The SCINFUL, computer model is not accurate

9. 3x10^5 neutrons agrees with derived tritium emission data

http://newenergytimes.com/v2/bubblegate/2002/SCIENCE-ResponseTo-SS-QuestionsRegarding.shtml" "1. The NIF uses 96 lasers entering from the top part of the sphere and 96 lasers entering laser beam light from the bottom of the sphere. The trick is to time the arrival of the laser light to within 6 billions of a second. The laser energy heats the deuterium and tritium pellet to 100 million degrees and 1 billion atmospheres producing 30 million times the energy than mass.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyB7Ho_W9RE&feature=relmfu

2. The pellet compresses to the size of hair and in 6 billionths of a second the fuel ignites

3. Lithium-bearing liquid metals or molten salts surround the fuel pellet

4. The NIF scale laser operation could produce 1,000 megawatts

5. The target goal is one million targets a day at 25 cents per target.

6. Cylinderical capsules holding the deuterium-tritium fuel are made of carbon, beryllium, and carbon-hydrogen polymers.

7. The molten salts are heated to 600 celius and a heat exchanger is used to turn turbines producing electricity.

https://lasers.llnl.gov/programs/ife/how_ife_works.php" "The oil industry executives are appearing before the Senate and I think the following contains some information that most of us are not likely to have thought of... I would high light the significant passages... But that would be darn near the entire piece... Earlier today, the Senate Judiciary Committee summoned top executives from the petroleum industry for what Chairman Pat Leahy thought would be a politically profitable inquisition. Leahy and his comrades showed up ready to blame American oil companies for the high price of gasoline, but the event wasn't as satisfactory as the Democrats had hoped. The industry lineup was formidable: Robert Malone, Chairman and President of BP America, Inc.; John Hofmeister, President, Shell Oil Company; Peter Robertson, Vice Chairman of the Board, Chevron Corporation; John Lowe, Executive Vice President, Conoco Philips Company; and Stephen Simon, Senior Vice President, Exxon Mobil Corporation. Not surprisingly, the petroleum executives stole the show, as they were far smarter, infinitely better informed, and much more public-spirited than the Senate Democrats. One theme that emerged from the hearing was the surprisingly small role played by American oil companies in the global petroleum market. John Lowe pointed out: I cannot overemphasize the access issue. Access to resources is severely restricted in the United States and abroad, and the American oil industry must compete with national oil companies who are often much larger and have the support of their governments. We can only compete directly for 7 percent of the world's available reserves while about 75 percent is completely controlled by national oil companies and is not accessible. Stephen Simon amplified: Exxon Mobil is the largest U.S. oil and gas company, but we account for only 2 percent of global energy production, only 3 percent of global oil production, only 6 percent of global refining capacity, and only 1 percent of global petroleum reserves. With respect to petroleum reserves, we rank 14th. Government-owned national oil companies dominate the top spots. For an American company to succeed in this competitive landscape and go head to head with huge government-backed national oil companies, it needs financial strength and scale to execute massive complex energy projects requiring enormous long-term investments. To simply maintain our current operations and make needed capital investments, Exxon Mobil spends nearly $1 billion each day. Because foreign companies and governments control the overwhelming majority of the world's oil, most of the price you pay at the pump is the cost paid by the American oil company to acquire crude oil from someone else: Last year, the average price in the United States of a gallon of regular unleaded gasoline was around $2.80. On average in 2007, approximately 58 percent of the price reflected the amount paid for crude oil. Consumers pay for that crude oil, and so do we. Of the 2 million barrels per day Exxon Mobil refined in 2007 here in the United States, 90 percent were purchased from others. Another theme of the day's testimony was that, if anyone is ""gouging"" consumers through the high price of gasoline, it is federal and state governments, not American oil companies. On the average, 15% percent of the cost of gasoline at the pump goes for taxes, while only 4% represents oil company profits. These figures were repeated several times, but, strangely, not a single Democratic Senator proposed relieving consumers' anxieties about gas prices by reducing taxes. The last theme that was sounded repeatedly was Congress's responsibility for the fact that American companies have access to so little petroleum. Shell's John Hofmeister explained, eloquently: While all oil-importing nations buy oil at global prices, some, notably India and China, subsidize the cost of oil products to their nation's consumers, feeding the demand for more oil despite record prices. They do this to speed economic growth and to ensure a competitive advantage relative to other nations. Meanwhile, in the United States, access to our own oil and gas resources has been limited for the last 30 years, prohibiting companies such as Shell from exploring and developing resources for the benefit of the American people. Senator Sessions, I agree, it is not a free market. According to the Department of the Interior, 62 percent of all on-shore federal lands are off limits to oil and gas developments, with restrictions applying to 92 percent of all federal lands. We have an outer continental shelf moratorium on the Atlantic Ocean, an outer continental shelf moratorium on the Pacific Ocean, an outer continental shelf moratorium on the eastern Gulf of Mexico, congressional bans on on-shore oil and gas activities in specific areas of the Rockies and Alaska, and even a congressional ban on doing an analysis of the resource potential for oil and gas in the Atlantic, Pacific and eastern Gulf of Mexico. The Argonne National Laboratory did a report in 2004 that identified 40 specific federal policy areas that halt, limit, delay or restrict natural gas projects. I urge you to review it. It is a long list. If I may, I offer it today if you would like to include it in the record. When many of these policies were implemented, oil was selling in the single digits, not the triple digits we see now. The cumulative effect of these policies has been to discourage U.S. investment and send U.S. companies outside the United States to produce new supplies. As a result, U.S. production has declined so much that nearly 60 percent of daily consumption comes from foreign sources. The problem of access can be solved in this country by the same government that has prohibited it. Congress could have chosen to lift some or all of the current restrictions on exportation and production of oil and gas. Congress could provide national policy to reverse the persistent decline of domestically secure natural resource development. Later in the hearing, Senator Orrin Hatch walked Hofmeister through the Democrats' latest efforts to block energy independence: HATCH: I want to get into that. In other words, we're talking about Utah, Colorado and Wyoming. It's fair to say that they're not considered part of America's $22 billion of proven reserves. HOFMEISTER: Not at all. HATCH: No, but experts agree that there's between 800 billion to almost 2 trillion barrels of oil that could be recoverable there, and that's good oil, isn't it? HOFMEISTER: That's correct. HATCH: It could be recovered at somewhere between $30 and $40 a barrel? HOFMEISTER: I think those costs are probably a bit dated now, based upon what we've seen in the inflation... HATCH: Well, somewhere in that area. HOFMEISTER: I don't know what the exact cost would be, but, you know, if there is more supply, I think inflation in the oil industry would be cracked. And we are facing severe inflation because of the limited amount of supply against the demand. HATCH: I guess what I'm saying, though, is that if we started to develop the oil shale in those three states we could do it within this framework of over $100 a barrel and make a profit. HOFMEISTER: I believe we could. HATCH: And we could help our country alleviate its oil pressures. HOFMEISTER: Yes. HATCH: But they're stopping us from doing that right here, as we sit here. We just had a hearing last week where Democrats had stopped the ability to do that, in at least Colorado. HOFMEISTER: Well, as I said in my opening statement, I think the public policy constraints on the supply side in this country are a disservice to the American consumer. The committee's Democrats attempted no response. They know that they are largely responsible for the current high price of gasoline, and they want the price to rise even further. Consequently, they have no intention of permitting the development of domestic oil and gas reserves that would both increase this country's energy independence and give consumers a break from constantly increasing energy costs. Every once in a while, Congressional hearings turn out to be informative. " "1. Russian Oil production increased 1.25% to a record level maintaining Russia as the worlds large oil producing country

2. Production increased to 10.27 million barrels a day

3. Russia ships oil to Northwest Europe for $109 a barrel.

4. Russia's had 11.48 million barrels of oil produced per day in 1987

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-01-02/russian-crude-oil-production-rose-to-post-soviet-high-in-2011.html" "1. 120 Mile Lease Position

2. 100% Success Rate

3. Simple Geologic Setting

4. Infrastructure: 233 Miles Gas Lines Installed, and 107 Miles Oil Lines Installed; Crude by Rail design to hand 20 million barrel per day.

5. Initial Oil Rate is increasing

6. Lateral drill has increased efficiencies

7. EOG drilling indicates consistent results across 535,000 Net Acres

8. Rock fabric, fluid characteristics and reservoir pressures are good

9. Excellent economics due toe high flow rates and low costs and high percentage of oil. " "Why did Brent Crude prices rise over $100/bbl and West Texas Intermediate WTI crude stay near $90/bbl? There are 161 internationally traded crude oils and they vary in characteristics, quality, and market penetration. The differences in price of the various crude oils are related to quality differences. WTI is high quality and excellent for refining a larger portion of gasoline; it is a light crude oil, its API gravity is 39.6 degrees with 0.24 percent sulfur. Most WTI crude oil gets refined in the Midwest region of the country. WTI is priced $5 to $5 per barrel premium in the OPEC basket price and usually $1 to $2 per barrel premium to Brent. What explains the recent $18 premium between wti and brent? Brent is a combination of 15 different oil fields in the Brent and Ninian system located in the North Sea. Brent’s API gravity is 38.3 degrees with 0.37 percent of sulfur; Brent is considered a sweet crude; Brent is consumed in large quantities in Northwest Europe. If arbitrage between Brent and other crude oils is favorable for export, Brent is refined in the US. Brent oil production is on the decline. (http://blog.gasbuddy.com/posts/The-difference-between-types-of-crude-oil-Brent-WTI-more/1715-434612-493.aspx) " "Fusion reactors that employ plasmas far out of thermodynamic equilibrium are call nonequilibrium plasmas. The systems possess a significant non-Maxwellian velocity distribution. The system has electrons and ions or two different species of fuel ions, at different energies. The plasmas are of interest to study if they can overcome the bremsstrahlung ratio loss from advanced aneutronic fuels (He3 B11 Li6) (http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/11412)

Analytical Fokker-Planck calculations are used to determine the minimum recirculation power that must be extracted from undesirable regions of the plasma’s phase space and reinjected into the proper regions of the phase space in order to counteract the effects of collision scattering events and keep the plasma out of equilibrium. In virtually all cases, the minimum recirculation power is substantially larger than the fusion power.

Deutrium + He3 -> proton(14.7 MeV) + He4 (3.7 MeV) + 18.4 MeV (Mass converted to energy) Deutrium + He3 can only produce net power when burned in thermodynamic equilibrium, which means that in any possible D+He3 reactor the neutrons and tritium produced by D-D side reactions cannot be reduced below a certain level, which is calculated.

Advanced fuel reactions are Deutrium + Helium3, Helium 3 + Helium 3, proton + Boron 11, and proton + Lithium 6. The advanced fuels produce a smaller total radioactive inventory than Deterium + Tritium and Deterium + Deterium.

Plasmas fairly close to thermodynamic equilibrium are not able to reduce the undesirable D-D side reactions from D+He3 plasma below a certain level and equilibrium plasmas are not able to produce net power with the more advanced aneutronic fuels.

Can the fusion reactor improve the performance of D+He3 or advanced aneutronic fuel reactors by utilizing plasmas not in thermodynamic equilibrium

U235 yields approximately 210 MeV of which 5 MeV is neutron kinetic energy. For fission neutron power fraction is 2%.

The most important factor limiting performance of aneutronic fuels in equilibrium plasmas is the bremsstrahlung radiation from the electrons caused by electrons colliding with ions or electrons. Energy losses due to escaping particles are theoretically manageable by improving the confinement system.

The bremsstrahlung radiation losse makes the system net negative. However, he does agree if there were a way to reflect or push the radiation back into the confinement the net energy loss could be mitigated. Crossfire claims to mirror back some of the plasma. Did they solve the Bremsstrahlung radiation leakage issue? " "Dr. Edmund Storms said, “They [Rossi and Focardi] found a way of amplifying the effect to a level that makes it attractive as an industrial source of energy and people in the cold fusion field have been working towards that, but they had not achieved that level of heat production, and so this was both a bit of a surprise and bit shock, but a bit of a kick to get people moving a little more rapidly now. And it looks like the phenomenon will actual have an application”

Cold fusion started by using Deuterium and palladium and then Dr storm said that “Rossi discovered that it worked quite will in nickel and light hydrogen” Dr Storm received a PhD in radiochemistry from Washington University and retired from Los Alamos national Laboratory after thirty four years. (http://coldfusionnow.wordpress.com/2011/03/04/edmund-storms-on-the-rossi-device-there-will-be-a-stampede/)

A Greek power company is due to run a commercial demonstration this year. Dr Storm says Rossi used a nickel catalyst to combine hydrogen and carbon monoxide and it produce over unity. This accidental discovery lead him to amplify the affect and apply it to light hydrogen and nickel resulting in the same amplification. Rossi says, “It makes huge amounts of energy based upon a nuclear reaction.” (http://newenergyandfuel.com/http:/newenergyandfuel/com/2011/03/09/updating-the-rossi-focardi-cold-fusion-reactor/)

One hundred Rossi cells will produce one megawatt of power. Rossi wants to build the machine at his Florida company.

Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi of the Unversity of Bologna announce they have developed a device capable of producing “12,400 W of heat power with an input of just 400 w” using their nickel hydrogen fusion reactor. The reaction process produces copper and a large amount of energy. The reactor starts with 1,000 w of electricity than reduces to 400 W after a few minutes. Every minute, the reactor converts 292 grams of 20 C water into dry steam at 101 C, requiring 12,400 W of power, a power gain of 12,400/400=31. Electricity can be generated at a cost of 1 cent/kWh. http://www.zerohedge.com/article/italian-scientists-claim-have-discovered-nickel-hydrogen-cold-fusion-create-copper-byproduct

Ni58 + p->Cu59

Cu59->Ni59+v+e+

Copper Cu59 decays with a positron (e+) and neutrino (v) emission in Ni59 nucleus

Then the (e+) annichilates with (e-) in two gamma rays

e- + e+ -> Y + Y

How can a proton p get captured by the Ni58 nucleaus? If a masked proton becomes a neutron the result will be Ni59. In order to have Cu59 there must be an increase in the atomic number from 28 to 29 and the electron of the masked proton gets ejected from the nucleus. The masked proton becomes a proton. The chairman of the Swedish Skeptics Society and the Chairman of the Energy Committee of the Swedish Royal Academy of Science examined the Rossi machine. They said, “Any chemical process for producing 25 kWh from any fuel in a 50 cm3 container can be ruled out. The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production”. 3 liters of oil to produce 25 kWh

Rossi said one hundred of his 4.4 kW reactors are running in four countries. A two ton series of small reactors are capable of producing one Megawatt.

Other companies working on LENR devices: Lattice Energy LLC, Blacklight Power, Brillouin Energy, and Energetics.

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/blog/post/2011/05/swedish-skeptics-confirm-nuclear-process-in-tiny-4-7-kw-reactor

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=20%2C000+J%2Fs

20,000 J/S = 20 Kilowatts

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=20000+J%2Fs%2CMeV%2Fs

20,000 J/S = 1.2483019 x 10^17 MeV/s

""Starting from Ni58 we can obtain Copper formation and its successive decay in Nickel, producing Ni59, Ni60, and Ni62. The chain stops at Cu63 stable.""

http://alfin2100.blogspot.com/2011/04/closer-look-at-rossis-numbers-for-his.html

Each Ni58 to Cu63 transformation releases 37.36 MeV of nuclear energy

37.36 MeV is derived as: a. The actual mass of a copper-Cu63 nucleus is 62.91367 amu b. Mass of Ni58 plus 5 nucleons is 57.95380+5=62.95380 amu c. Mass defect is 62.95380-62.91367=0.04013 amu d. 1 amu = 931 MeV is used as a standard conversion e. 0.04013×931 MeV=37.36 MeV

#Transformation=1.25 x 10^17) MeV/s/37.36 MeV=3.346 x 10^15 Transformation/Second

Seconds in six monthes=1.55 x 10^7= 5.186 x 10^22 transformation/second

or 5 grams of Ni58 is transformed

How can a proton p get captured by the Ni58 nucleus? The Rossi machine works by neutron capture verses proton capture. Proton capture requires astronomical force to over the Coulomb barrier. The Widom-Larsen theory has been cited by NASA, Johns Hopkins University and the Institute of Science in Society. The Widom Larsen “Theortical Standard Model Rates of Proton of Metallic Hydride Surfaces” strong suppress gamma emission and create low energy neutrons that are captured by the nickel. (http://blog.newenergytimes.com/2011/01/19/rossi-and-focardi-lenr-device-probably-real-with-credit-to-piantelli/) " "1. Quatar is installing 77 million tons export capacity of liquid natural gas.

2. Quatar's, North Field contains an estimated 900 trillion cubic feet of gas.

3. Increased demand from Asia, primarily Japan have caused Quatar LNG exports to rise to 73 million tons in 2011 or $30 billion.

4. Prices of LNG are rising.

5. Quatar's GDP hit 16% in 2010 and is expected to reach 20% in 2011.

6. The pacific basin is going to be short LNG because of demand from Japan for LNG. Pacific basin long term contracts will rise to 241 million tons by 2020

7. LNG prices are $11.60 per million British Thermal Units." "

1. A power generator burns about one pound of coal to make one kilowatt hour of electricity.

2. Coke, a byproduct of burnt coal is composed of small amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. Coke is used in steel production.

3. In 1918 coal production reached 678 million tons; in 1994 coal production reached a high of 683 million tons and 688 million tons in 1947. Railroads switched to diesel fuel, reducing their coal consumption to 62 million tons in 1973. The rise of oil and natural gas also impact coal usage so by 1973 coal usage had dropped to 11 million tons. The Yom Kippur War of 1973 caused a retaliatory reaction by OPEC, cutting its oil production by five million barrels a day and causing oil prices to increase 400 percent in six months. “Just before the 1973-1974 oil embargo, the abundance of cheap fuel oil and growing interest in nuclear power threatened the future of coal.� The use of coal had declined to 18 percent and oil consumption and natural gas used had increased in relative importance. “Investors had been losing confidence in coal.� Demand for electricity increased six fold between 1950-1973. “With the oil embargo of 1973-1974, the demand of coal surge from 92 million tons to 389 million tons a year�. Coal was to be the fuel of the future. In 1999, the US consumed 1 billion tons of coal and coal consumption is predicted to be 1.3 billion tons by 2020.

4. Coal generates 51 percent of total US electricity in 1999. Today there are 600 coal fire plants providing electricity. 1,200 new power plants will need to be built by 2020.

5. Natural gas replacement of coal is expected to cause slight drops in coal consumption. Consumption of coal in Canada and Mexico is project to rise from 77 million tons in 1999 to 93 million tons in 2020. Asian countries use 36 percent of the worlds coal in 1999. China consumes 23 percent of the coal. US coal technology will be sold to China and India which have large coal reserves for electricity generation. Coal consumption in Europe will drop over concern about the environmental impact of coal. Europe will migrate towards alternative fuels like solar and nuclear power.

6. Fly ash, the black soot can be removed by devices called precipitators. Today, 95 percent of sulfur oxides can be removed from coal production emissions. EPA estimates that sulfur dioxide emissions from electric utilities have gone down 18 percent since their peak in 1973.

7. The Clean Coal Technology demonstration program was established in 1985. CCT primary goal was to bring industry, universities, and state and federal agencies together to clean up coal emissions while preserving cheap, clean coal to benefit the economy with affordable energy. Electricity must remain abundant and cheap to allow US companies to produce profitably in a competitive world. If electricity becomes to expensive, companies will move to countries where electricity is cheap and regulate non existent. CCT us expected to create a $480 billion export market over the next thirty years.

8. Carbon brokering may provide the financial incentives to share clean air technology as carbon is treated as a commodity. The carbon brokering is expected to become a major commodity trade item. The Kyoto plan includes a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). “The CDM allows developed countries to get credits for investing in projects in developing countries that offset greenhouse gas emissions.� (Big Coal). “According to the World Bank, as much as $12.5 billion will be spent on CDM projects in developing countries.� In 2005, the first year of carbon trading in EU, the carbon market grew to $7 billion and by the time the Kyoto protocol kicks in the market is project to grow to $50 billion. Financial brokers Goldman Sachs and Merrill Lynch are getting into the game. CDM empowers investors to get involved in reducing carbon emission by providing financial incentives, “greed�, to drive them towards profits. China is signatory a development country that could benefit from CDM. Investors will arrange, “American energy company looking to offset carbon emissions and by a little goodwill with the Chinese� (Big coal) The Chinese are eager to demonstrate it progressive values and commitment to the environment.

9. One technique for removing sulfur from coal is to crush the coal into small chunks and rinse it in water. The coal floats to the surface and the sulfur sinks to the bottom. However, not all the sulfur can be removed because it is chemically connected to the coal. Several processes have been tested that mix chemicals with the coal that break the sulfur away from the carbon molecules. Most processes and chemicals are extremely expensive.

10. Scrubbers use limestone to remove sulfur emissions. The limestone is crushed into a powder. Under the right conditions the limestone can be made to absorb the sulfur gases like a sponge.. The lime is mixed with water and sprayed into the coal combustion gases. The limestone captures the sulfur by pulling it out of the gases. The residue is a wet paste. New technology is reducing the cost of scrubbers. Sorbents can cut costs. Sorbents are used to reduce nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide emission near zero by 2008.

11. Fluidized bed coal combustion mixes solid coal with the gas it produces resulting in more efficient chemical reaction and heat transfer.

12. Technology allowing coal burn temperatures to drop to 1,400 to 1,700 degrees Fahrenheit eliminates 95 percent of the pollutants.

13. Polk Power plant, a 250 MW plant, has developed a process that turns coal to gas, strip out toxins. The coal is ground up and mixed with water into a slurry. The plant products 85 less nitrogen dioxide and 32 less sulfur emissions.

" By 2020, electricity will emerge as the new cross cutting fuel in both stationary and mobile applications. 1. The cost of energy as we use it has less and less to do with the cost and more to do with the hardware to refine and process the fuel. 2. Waste is virtuous where low quality energy is being converted into high quality energy. High quality energy for a laser costs 1000 times the cost of a 100-watt bulb, however, a laser may be used to restore sight. Why select oil over wood? Oil provides more energy in less space. 3. The more efficient our technology, the more energy we consume. Innovation in transportation transforms the automobile in terms of space, weight, and energy. Electric drive trains have been successfully used in excavation trucks, locomotives, and hybrid electric cars. The electric drive train will supersede the steel shaft, belts, pulleys, and hydraulic system. Automobile weight will reduce. Most of the weight of a car is in the engine and power transmission. It takes 1 ton of machine to move 1 human. Silicon controller activators will turn the car into a giant electric application, hence the silicon car. Oil will become less valued in the future and nuclear energy more important. Electricity is the preferred high quality energy. 4. The competitive advantage in manufacturing is now swinging decisively back towards the United States. Countries with the most energy will win economically. 5. Human demand for energy is insatiable. 6. The raw fuels are not running out. The faster we extract and burn them, the faster we find still more. Oil reserves were predicted to run out in 1980. For example, computerized robots probes can now maneuvered chasms unreachable in the past and tapped increasing amounts of oil. A larger share of energy consumption comes from electricity, from heat to energy. 60% of the total energy consumption came from coal, uranium, gas, and hydroelectric. 55% of electric power plants are fueled by coal. Coal and nuclear represent 2/3 of the energy production. Electricity trends lower in price over time. Energy isn't scarce. The U.S consumed 100 Quads of energy, 100 quadrillion BTUs for electricity, transportation, and heat. 85% of energy growth is met by electricity. So, if energy is so abundant, why does it cost so much at the gas pump? It has nothing to do with abundance of raw materials. It has everything to do with taxes and regulations that drive cost. How much did electricity cost? $400 billion combine for the purchase of raw materials and expensive hardware. Electricity is important. 60% of corporate capital improvements went for Information Technology Projects. Electric companies sold $230 billion in retail electricity. High quality energy powered new hardware: sound, microwaves, laser light, x-rays, magnetic pulse, ultra sound, MRI, new PC power supplies, and high speed wireless, to speak of a few. 7. America's relentless pursuit of high-grade energy does not add chaos to the global environment. "Renewable Energy From the Deep Ocean Deep water formation is 40 degrees moving from the North to the South along the East Coast of North and South America. The warm water from the equator push upward and cools to about 40 degrees. The cool water recycle downward toward the equator.

The perfect spot is 3 miles of Puerto Rico and 3000 feet deep.

Hot surface is used to boil propane which has a low boiling point. The boiling propane turns a turbine. The cold water cools the propane and turns it into liquid form.

The generator could generate 800 Million Kilowatts of electricity in Puerto Rico " "

1. An 8X increase in field strength implies a 64 X increase in power.

2. If the coils are cooled by Liquid Nitrogen 2 or better yet Liquid Helium.

3. A polywell consists of electromagnet coils arranged in a polyhedral configuration and positively charged to 10s and low 100s of kilovolts, called MaGrid

4. Electrons are introduced outside the MaGrid and are accelerated into the MaGrid due to the electric field.

5. Within the MaGrid, the magnetic field contains most of the electrons. The electrons get trapped in the middle of the device which produces a virtual cathode, or negative potential well.

6. The polywell confines positive ions through their attraction to negatively charged electrons. The negative charges reside in the inner region of the reactor by magnetic fields.

7. The magnetic field vanishes at the center by symmetry and the magnetic flux that enters the volume through the coils.

8. Bussard claimed if superconducters were used for the coils, the only significant loss channel is through electron losses proportional to the surface area." Declining oil fields (2007-2010 daily oil production in mil bar): Ghawar (5.6 to 5.0), Cantarell (1.7 to 1.2), Sonatrach (1.1 to 0.9), Daqing Fields (.8 to .7), Ahwaz Asmaru (.6 to .5)

Increasing fields: Burgan (1.2 to 1.3), Safaniyah (1.2 to 1.3), Azeri (.6 to 1.2), Bu Hasa (.5 to .7), Ku-Maloob-Zaap (.5 to .7), Northern Fields (.5 to .8), Upper Zakum (.5 to .6)

India is created the world's largest refiner. Oil production increases will be in the Caspian sea, Kuwait, and Iraq and refined in India. Peak oil does not seem to be a problem in the next three "1. The drilling process in action 24x7. 2. A large drill bit starts the drilling but a smaller drill bit replaces it the deeper they go.

3. Nested steel cases are put in place protecting ground water and protecting the integrity of the well. A large diameter hole is drilled for the first 50 to 80 feet, conductor casing is cemented in place, isolating from water wells.

4. Air drilling is used to below 100 to 200 below the water zone. Rock cuts are stored in bins.

5. Surface casing is installed and cemented in the hole protecting against water contamination. A blow out preventer is installed.

6. Drilling mud is used to control down hole pressure and cool the bit.

7. A special drill bit is changed and gradually the pipe is pulled horizontally.

8. Production casing is install through the whole length of the well and then cemented in place. 7 layers of protection. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73mv-Wl5cgg)

9. hydraulic fracturing using perforating guns firing 60 to 80 feet apart. High pressure pumps push sand into the perforations. Water gels the fluid at the blender along with other chemicals. The pump trucks increase the pressure to the manifold into the well. The fracturing fluid builds pressure allowing the fluid to enter the fractures. Propant allows the fracture to remain open allowing natural gas to flow to the surface. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=73mv-Wl5cgg) " "1. Companies can use the same drilling rig for oil as natural gas

2. In 2011, there are more drilling rigs used for oil than natural gas, an 82% in oil drill riggs from 2010

3. Devon is spending 90% of its $5 billion budget on drilling " "1. Catalyzed hydrino transition is an electrochemical cell producing power by the reaction of hydrogen to form hydrinos.

2. The production of hydrinos results in direct electricity.

3. BlackLight process has four principle applications to motivate power: ciht, charging batteries, electrolysis to charge batteries, heat converted to electricity to charge batteries, and hybrid electric system.

4. Water has 55 moles/liter. Hydrogen to hydrino releases 50 MJ/Mole H2. One liter of water would produce 2.75 billion joules of energy.

5. A Prius consumes 9 x 10^5 J/Mile. The prius could travel 3000 miles, but most fuel cells are 50% efficient, reducing the range to 1500 miles. The onboard electrolysis unit providing the hydrogen would use 1% of the electrical output.

6. A 200 liter cell could deliver 200 kW or 267 HP and weight 200 kg that is half the weight of an internal combustion engine.

http://www.blacklightpower.com/pdf/MotivePower.pdf" "1. The Molten-Salt Reactor was built in 1961 and was a liquid fluoride power reactor. It used lithium7-beryllium fluoride solvent dissolved in zirconium and uranium tetrafluorides.

2. MSRE was designed to simulate the core of the future reactor. MSRE went critical in 1965 and operated for 4.5 years. MSRE operated on three fissile fuels: u-233,u-235, pu-239. The uranium was removed from the salt through fluorination by bubbling gaseous fluorine through the salt. The fluorine caused the uranium tetrafluoride to convert to uranium hexafluoride and could be removed in 4 days. The uranium was then separated from the fissibile material.

3. In 1972, the AEC moved to cancel the MSRP program. The WASH-1222 report omitted all the inherent safety features of the liquid fluoride reactor, its fast reponse to transients, its neutron economy, proliferation resistence, and reprocessiblity. The WASH-1222 report focuses on minor operating issues: tritium generation, tellurium cracking, and graphite replacement.

4. LFR is probably the safest reactor every designed. Strong negative temperature coefficient of the fluid fuel; stability of fission products in salt, and the ability to drain the core into a passively cooled configuration make it safe.

5. LFR is high performance and can operate at high-temperatures and low pressures for efficient production of electricity or high temperature thermochemical hydrogen production.

6. LFR neutron economy can be used to breed thorium into uranium allowing very long life reactor production of energy.

7. LFR can be refueled contineously and avoid refueling shutdowns. The salt is contineously pumped through the core. There are no hot channels or local burnup in a liquid fluoride core due to this action. ""The strong negative temperature coefficient allows the reactor to “follow the load” without operator intervention, and to reduce power generation extremely rapidly in response to “loss of load” accidents.""

8. LFR can withstand accidents of tremendous magnitude. If the fuel salt were inadvertently exposed to the outside environment it would freeze and occlude fission products in the salt as stable fluorides. ""In the event of complete power loss and no backup power or cooling, the reactor would melt a plug of frozen salt in the bottom of the reactor and drain into a passively-cooled, noncritical configuration""

(http://www.thoriumsingapore.com/content/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57&Itemid=57)" "1. Bakken is 470 miles away from Montana

2. Bakken was discoverd in 1951. The oil proved to be too expense to extract. The resource is worth over $1 trillion. A oil boom is underway and it will transform energy.

3. North Dakota manages 1.2 million acres in 16 oil producing counties. 318,000 acres have been leased. (http://finance.yahoo.com/news/ND-oil-lease-auction-nets-474-apf-3912266131.html?x=0&.v=2)

4. Drilling in Eastern Montana and western North Dakota is expected to continue at a brisk pace.

5. There are over 160 oil companies exploring the Bakken and 56 consecutive long-lateral, high frac stage will wells have been completed. Virtuall all oil wells drilling the Bakken are using horizontal drilling.

6. Oil well drill increased from 400 in 2010 to 900 in 2011 and 100 drilling permits waiting for approval.

7. In 2007, North Dakota Legislature cut the state's tax rate for newly drilled Bakken wells from 11.5 percent to 7 percent. The lower percent applied to the first 75,000 barrels of oil. Bakken is thicker in North Dakota. (http://billingsgazette.com/business/64365f24-7b53-595f-b394-4e0e04b0b632.html)

8. Lynn Helms said the Tyler Formation could lead to 28,000 Bakken wells. So far, only 2,200 wels have been drilled. $3.5 billion will be spent in 2011 for natural gas and pipeline investment. Each well produces 575,000 barrels of oil and results in $6.9 million paid in royalities to those owning mineral rights. $4.25 million in tax revenue is collected from each well and $6.6 million to drill and complete the well. (http://www.willistonherald.com/articles/2011/05/16/news/doc4dc2c73882126892811694.txt)

9. In 2010, North Dakota produced 350,000 barrels of oil a day. Experts believe another ten to twenty years of intense drilling will occur. Pipeline and rail capacity can handle 452,500 barrels of oil a day. Over a billion dollars of completed or planned oil transportation expansion is underway. (http://www.minnpost.com/bradallen/2011/04/26/27773/new_oil_reserves_in_north_dakota_continue_boom_as_states_energy_role_grows)

10. North Dakota's oil patch is home to 127 oil rigs. Most of the drilling in the Bakken Shale and Three Forks-Sanish oil reservoirs. Each well provides 40 direct oil jobs and 80 indirect ones. As of 2010, North Dakota had 4810 active wells. Shale Natural gas drilling can be used to drill for shale oil and fracture the rock. As natural gas prices have dropped out, more drilling for Shale oil has occurred.

11. Baken oil reserve could hold 3.65 billion barrels of oil. Cities with shale oil: Beluh, Hazen, Parshall, Garison, and Washburn. (http://oilshalegas.com/bakkenshale.html)

12. Cruz Construction specializes in oil rig moving in Alaska. Cruz Construction start a division in North Dakota: two new kenworths (a tri drive tractor and a 65 ton lowboy), and two new cranes. Cruz construction has been moving oil rigs in North Dakota.

13. More than 13,000 wells have been drill in North Dakota since 1951 and 1.3 billion barrels of oil have been produced. In 1984, annual oil production was 52 million barrels. (https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Resources/WBPetroleumnew.asp)

14. Madison produced 765 million bar/oil, Duperow 122 million bar/oil, Red River 106 million bar/oil, Tyler 73 million bar/oil, Spearfish 47 million bar/oil, Bakken 40 million bar/oil, Lodgepole 12 million bar/oil, Stonewall 9 million bar/oil, Winnipegosis 6 million bar/oil, Birdbear 5 million bar of oil. (https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/Resources/WBPetroleumnew.asp)

15. The Three Forks formation overlies the Birdbear formation. The Sanish sandstone produce oil and gas in the Antelope field.

16. A typical North Dakota oil field produces 15 to 20% of all the oil that is trapped in the rocks. Injected water can capture 85% of the oil in the rocks, this is called enhanced oil recovery. " "1. Fast breeder reactors prolong world uranium resources for one to two generations. Breeders are a source of military grade plutonium. France desires to become the European nuclear strike force.

2. SuperPhoenix cost $9 billion and operated only six months out of six years at full production.Superphoenix could not be consider a commercial reactor. Experts predict it could be two decades before the French create a commerical breeder reactor. India's Thorium reactor prototype produces almost no power because they are in the experimental stages. It could be five years before a commercial plant is created.

3. There are dangerous variations in the reactivity of the Phoenix

4. In 1973, 60,000 people protested the building of the SuperPhoenix

5. The French nuclear program is quasi-military style of centralized administration.

6. EDF maintains a monopoly on gas and electric

7. EDF claims SuperPhoenix will create electricity but at twice the cost of regular nuclear energy power

8. Reprocessing costs are roughly 10 times more than stocking the fuel prices.

9. Superphoenix has over 6 tons of plutonium

10. Superphoenix breakdowns include: sodium leakage, destruction of fuel transfer and storage drum, a falling crane hitting the reactor dome, a sodium leak in the secondary circuit, and cracks in the reator vessel. (http://multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1992/04/mm0492_08.html)" "The Molten Salt Breeder was terminated for failure to follow the AEC position on nuclear safety WASH-1222 was a political document and less about the merits of the Molten Salt Breeder The cooling fluid was 7LiF-BeF2-ThF4-UF4 (http://energyfromthorium.com/wiki/tiki-index.php?page=WASH-1222)

Thorium-232 (non-fissile) decays into protactinium-232 and will absorb a neutron to form thorium-233 which rapidly decades into protactinium-233 then decays into uranium-233, which is a fissile material; emitting 2 neutrons per absorption.

In 1959, a liquid fluoride (molten salt reactor) was chosen over the (lead and bismuth based) breeder reactor.

Dresden-1 achieves the first critically

In 1960 - Thorium breeding is slight compared to plutonium-fueled fast reactor, so special emphasis is put on rapid, online reprocesing of salts to minimize neutron losses to fission products.

1962, the Indian Point-1 reactor uses highly-enriched uranium and thorium as a fertile material. More thorium is bred to U-233 than 2-238 is bred to plutonium. The U-233 is processed into tetrafluoride and used to fuel the Molten Salt Reactor. Indian Point-1 reactor was designed to produce 275 Megawatts of electricity.

1963, the Enrico Fermi Fast Breeder reactor goes online. The reactor is a 60 megawatt, sodium-cooled,fast-spectrum reactor designed to breed more plutonium than it consumes.

1966, The Fermi Fast Breeder Reactor suffers extensive core damage and melting when a piece of metal comes loose in its core and blocks the flow of sodium coolant to some of the fuel rods. No radiation escaped.

1968 reactive fuel is removed from core salt of the MSRE, fluoridation to gaseous uranium hexafluroide. The core salts become safe to handle after the fission material is removed.

1972 ORNL MSBR design found:

1. Tellurium had caused some cracking in the Hastelloy-N alloy used in MSRE 2. Neutron flux had caused the generation of tritium in the residual lithium 6 in the fuel salt.

Since the fuel is in molten form, consideration of a meltdown is not applicable to the MSBR. The primary system operates at a low-pressure with fuel salt that is 1000 F below its boiling point. Fission produces iodine and stontium as stable compounds in fluoride salts. The fuel processing is continueous and excess reactivity can be decreased by remove it from the primary system.

Risks:

1. Leakage causing radioactive contamination throughout the primary system, fuel processing plant, and auxillary primary systems such as fuel dran and off-gas systems. 2. Decay Heat would need to be removed by a reliable cooling system. 3. Tritium would need to be controlled.

Concerns:

1. Safety concerns about sodium-air interactions 2. weakly negative temperature coefficients of reactivity 3. secondary criticality and detonation in event of core meltdown

1974, Fort St. Vrain power plant goes critical using its high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR), with a graphite-moderated core and helium coolant. It does not achieve .8 percent to classify it as a breeder reactor.

1977 thorium and U-233 is loaded into the Shppingport Atomic power station. The core is examined showing 1.3% more fissile material in the core than when the experiment began, showing thorium can be successfully bred into U-233.

1979 After the partial core meltdown of three mile island, liquid-salt reactors became more important. A liquid-salt reactor could drain its core making it impervious to a loss-of-coolant.

1985 Thorium High Temperature reactor was started in Germay. The 300 megawatt reactor used 675,000 pebbles containing Th-HEU fuel.

1997 There was an explosion at the Tokai-Mura reprocessing facility in Japan" "1. U-239 produces significantly more energy than U-235. U-235 becomes U-238 and U-238 transforms into U-239. U-239 fear of being stolen prevents usage. However, usage as a weapon is not possible. (http://www.argee.net/DefenseWatch/Nuclear%20Waste%20and%20Breeder%20Reactors.htm)

2. Breeder reactors produce more fuel than it consumes. The neutrons in a breeder reactor are called “fast” neutrons.

3. In order to regulate neutron flux, the primary coolant is a light metal like Sodium.

4. Breeder reactors produce no nuclear waste.

5. There are two types of breeder reactors: Fast Breeder Reactor use plutonium for initial fuel charge then natural uranium feedstock as input; Thermal Breeder Reactor uses U-233 to build a heavy water reactor. After initial fuel charge of uranium, plutonium, or Mox, only thorium 232 produces U-233 after neutron capture and beta decay. (http://www.3rd1000.com/nuclear/nuke101g.htm)

6. Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 are fuel for the breeder reactor. A breeder reactor must create more fissile material than it consumes. U-239 is fissible and U-238 is non-fissionable material. U-235 is fissionable.

7. France has the largest breeder reactor the Large Super-Phenix reactor and BN-600.

8. As of 2006, Fast Breeder reactors were not economically competitive with thermal reactor technology; but Japan, China, Korea, and Russia are committed to technology.

9. Liquid Metal - Helium, Sodium, lithium, and Lead can be used to control the neutron flux.

10. Breeder ratios of 1.8 are possible as an upper limit.

11. Fast breeder reactor requires a 15-30% enrichment of U-235.

12. Sodium is solid at a room temperature becomes a liquid at 98 C

13. The Super-Phenix was built in 1984 and is the first largest-scale breeder reactor. Energy from the nuclear fission materials heats the sodium to 500 C and transfers the energy to a second sodium loop which turns water to produce steam for electricity production. The reactor can produce 20% more fuel than it consumes and 20 years to fuel another reactor.

14. Pebble bed reactors are designed for high burnup ratios.

15. Advanced heavy Water reactor is a proposed large-scale thorium reactor. As of 2006, India was the only country developing the technology.

16. Liquid Fluorid Reactor is a thermal breeder. LFR can drain their liquid fuel into a passively-cooled and non-critical configuration from neutron flux. (http://www.3rd1000.com/nuclear/nuke101g.htm) " "1. Two chemical processes produces ethane gas and diesel fuel

2. Alan goldman says, ""synthetic diesel is cleaner burning than conventional diesel""

3. The chemical processes are a follow up to the Fischer Trospch synthesis.

4. The downsize is the output of hydro carbons with 4 to 8 carbon atoms which can't be used.

5. The number of carbon atoms determines if a hydrocarbon is a gas, liquid or solid.

6. The chemical process turns low value byproducts of FT into high value fuels.

7. Ethane is 2 carbon gas and diesel is a ten carbon fuel

8. FT could be the key to energy independence

9. FT can convert waste coal into low sulfur diesel

10. FT plants cost $1.5 billion to build

11. US department of Energy think FT fuels are cleaner burning." "1. India is not producing Shale Oil at this time.

2. Shale oil reserves in India are estimated at 15 billion tons: Assam and Arunachal Pradesh deposits

3. Potential findings include Naga Schuppen Belt and Assam-Arakkan Fold Belt

4. MECL of India will partner with BRGM (France) and DGH (India) to assess oil shale resources in three adjacent blocks

5. Retort structures be formed by a combination of explosive fracturing and mining. Hot air or gases and steam cause shale oil to be collected at the bottom of the in-situ retort where it can be pumped to the surface.

6. India will create projects that extract coal and oil shale deposits at the same time. Coal is found in the Barail Formation. Shale and coal have been found together. Rock-Eval pyrolysis has been used to produce oil from coal and shale, a scaled down retort process. Rock-Eval yields for coal and shale indicate the potential of 280 kgs of hydrocarbons per ton of rock. US technology is needed to create the retort. Currently, the shale is dumped as a waste product. (http://www.dghindia.org/NonConventionalEnergy.aspx?tab=2)

7. Shell used in-situ process to heat rock temperatures producing shale crude.

8. Joshi Oil is evaluating developing K-4 Shale zone in well DK-19 in the Dholka Field. JTIs oil production is about 700 barrels of oil per day.

9. Early estimates indicate that there is 137 billion tonnes of shale oil in the north-eartern states of India. (http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/dgh-finds-shale-oil-prospects-in-n-e-states/398674/)

10. Reliance Industries acquired a 40 percent stake in Atlas Energy's Marcellus Shale Acreage.

11. BP estimates conventional oil resources amount to 1.2 trillion barrels. Oil shales in over 600 deposits total 500 billion tonnes or 3.2 trillion barrels. Global Annual consumption of oil is 31 billion barrels.(http://energybusiness.in/future-energy-shale-gas/) " "1. In Situ Process is making 250 billion barrels of shale oil available for world consumption. Israels shale deposits are located 30 miles from Jerusalem.

2. The US is thought to have over 2 trillion known barrels of shale oil. China has 355 billion barrels of shale oil.

3. Acquifers run several hundred feet below the shale rock in Israel." "1. OPEC sells oil to any country but exchanges the oil in dollars. The country must exchange a portion of its currency on the foreign exchange for dollars. The demand for dollars driven by oil purchases from OPEC stabilizes the value of the dollar. Another way for foreign countries to get dollars is to trade goods. For example, Japan trades its cars to the US in exchange for dollar. The trade deficit inflates the money supply because the fed prints dollars, however the demand for the dollar keeps the inflation statistics low according to the Consumer Price Index.

2. Net oil imports account for over half of current US petroleum consumption.

3. What happens if foreign oil imports decreased? The decrease in foreign oil imports would reduce the quantity of petrodollars flowing to the Middle East. The logic would suggest if the Middle East receive less petrodollar than the price of crude would go up, less OPEC profits would be captured, and less support for factions. OPEC imports will continue to decrease. Diesel trucks will reduce oil imports by 0.177 million barrels per day by 2020. Between 2008 to 2009, US oil imports decreased by 460 million barrels. The EPA/NHTSA wants oil imports to drop to 35% of US consumption. (http://www.globalwarming.org/2011/02/09/energy-commerce-hearing-rep-markey-waves-the-flag/)

4. The 2006, US Treasury report indicated that oil prices generated an extra $1.3 trillion in revenue for OPEC countries since 1998. The Oil producing countries use the revenue profits as a cushion to fall back onto: increased goods and service imports, higher wages for government employees, increased reserves, and buying down debt. Bureau of International Settlements (BIC) can not account for 70% of OPEC’s $700 billion investable reserve fund.

5. There are about $400 billion Petrodollar. (http://useconomy.about.com/od/worldeconomy/p/petrodollars.htm) " "1. The Traveling Wave Reactor uses a small amount of enriched uranium at the beginning of the process. The nuclear reactor runs on waste product u-238 and consumes it as fuel.

2. Terrapower relied heavily on supercomputing to design and model the reactor and lifecycle of the fuel: 1024 Xeon core processors assembled on 128 blade servers.

3. “Extensive computer simulations and engineering studies produced new evidence that a wave of fission moving slowly through a fuel core could generate a billion watts of electricity continueously for over 50 to 100 years without enrichment or reprocessing” as quoted from the Intellectual Venture site. (http://gigaom.com/cleantech/terrapower-how-the-travelling-wave-nuclear-reactor-works/)

4. The traveling wave reactor needs only a thin layer of enriched U-235 and most of the core is U-238. (http://www.technologyreview.com/energy/22114/?a=f)

5. Toshiba is hoping to bring its 4S model to market by 2014. U-238 is converted into fissile plutonium and this cause a chain reaction releasing lots of energy and heat. (http://www.fastcompany.com/1594671/bill-gates-goes-nuclear-with-toshiba-tie-up) " "1. In 2007, the US produced over 90 percent of the gasoline used in the US. Less than 40 percent of the crude oil used by the US refineries was produced in the US. 45% of the gasoline produced in the US came from refineries in the US Gulf Coast including Texas and Louisiana. (http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/experts/contactexperts.htm)

2. The refineries sell gas to 162,000 retail outlets across the nation.

3. The top five oil exporting countries to US were Canada (2 million bbl/d), Mexico (1.2 million bbl/d), Saudi Arabia (1.1 million bbl/d), Nigeria (1 million bbl/d), Venezuela (825 thousand bbl/d) About 8.6 million bbl/d of is imported into the US. (http://www.eia.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html)" "1. Up and down quarks are stable and found in all normal matter

2. up, charmed, tau quarks have a charge of +2/3

3. down, strange, bottom have a charge of -1/3

4. A proton is made up of, two up quarks and one down quark, +2/3+2/3+1/3 with a charge of 1. A neutron is make up of two down quarks and one up quark, +2/3-1/3-1/3 with a 0 charge.

5. The most famous of the leptons are the electrons. The electron e- and the elctron neutrinio Ve are found in normal matter. electron and electron neutrino (e- Ve), Mu and mu neutrino (u- Vu), Tau and Tau Neutrino (t- Vt)

6. The Pion is a up quark with an anti-down quark " "1. Researchers at Cern have held 38 antihydrogen atoms in place for a fraction of a second. Antihydrogen can be created but it is instantaneously annihilated when it comes in contact with matter.

2. Protons, electrons, neutrons and other particles have a mirror anti-particle

3. The Universe favors matter over anti-matter.

4. Positrons and anti-protons are anti-matter particles that can be created in a laboratory. Anti-hydrogen particles have a “little magnetic character” says Jeff Hangst. A strong magnetic bottle can briefly contain the anti-hydrogen. Sculpting magnetic fields to make up the magnetic bottle is not particularly strong. So, Anti-hydrogen particles were created that did not have much energy. (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11773791)

5. The Alpha experiments use an octupole magnet to trap the anti-hydrogen. Anti-hydrogen has been made since 2002 by mixing anti-protons and positrons to make a neutral atom. Cern is attempting to understanding fundamental symmetries in nature. Hydrogen and anti-hydrogen must behave in the same way. Cern wants to understand these principles. How are positrons created?

1. Positron emission is a type of beta decay (β+).

2. In beta plus decay, a proton is converted, to a neutron and a positron (also known as the ""beta plus particle""), and a neutrino.

3. Positrons are the anti-matter particle of an electron

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission

Celsium changes into Ba

W- Boson -> electron and a neutrino anti neutrino

Quark transformation:

ddu changest to udu (a down quark changes to an up quark)

how a positron is created

na->ne

Na->ne + Beta decay

change from neutron to proton

W+ boson -> positron and electron neutrino

udu->ddu (up quark is transformed to a down quark) " "1. Alaska Natural Gas Corp ships about 98 billion cubic feet per year, mostly to Japan. The plant is the only LNG liquefaction facility in the US.

2. Cheniere Energy has begun a project to add liquefaction to its Sabine Pass LNG receiving terminal in Parish, Louisiana. Cheniere received permission from the US Department of Energy to re-export imported LNG cargoes to a total of 500 billion cubic feet over two years.

3. Cheniere expects to liquefy about 1 billion cubic feet/day at two trains plants. The Cheniere Sabine Pass terminal has a send out capacity of 4 billion cubic feet/day and LNG storage capacity of 16.9 billion cubic feet.

4. The Kitimat LNG project is majority owned by a subsidiary of Apache Corp. and is expected to liquefy about 700 million cubic feet/day of western Canadian natural gas beginning in 2014.

5. Apache corp owns the right to more than 10 trillion cubic feet of natural gas in northeast British Columbia. Without the export terminal and a 300 mile long pipeline to haul the gas to Kitimat, the gas is stranded. The Kitimat facility is expected to cot $2.9 billion. (The Kitimat LNG project is majority owned by a subsidiary of Apache Corp. and is expected to liquefy about 700 million cubic feet/day of western Canadian natural gas beginning in 2014.

The Kitimat LNG project is majority owned by a subsidiary of Apache Corp. and is expected to liquefy about 700 million cubic feet/day of western Canadian natural gas beginning in 2014.

http://247wallst.com/2010/06/08/the-us-might-begin-exporting-natural-gas-cop-mro-lng-cqp-apa-dvn-chk-xto-xom/ " "1. United Parcel will add 48 LNG trucks to its fleet to bring down costs. Each truck will be 15 liters with a 450 horsepower diesel engine. The engines will ignite the LNG using through compression. Compressed natural gas is not a solution for diesel because they burn so much fuel on a trip, consuming 20,000 to 30,000 gallons a year. According to Rich Kolodziej, the amount of diesel fuel currently used for highway travel would work out to six trillion cubic feet of natural gas. NG prices are $4 to $4.5 per million BTU.

2. LNG requires only 70 percent more space than diesel fuel, whereas compressed gas, needs about six times as much space as diesel. The LNG must be chilled to negative 260 degrees below zero.

3. UPS received $5.5 million for the project from the state of California. Kenworth and Peterbilt are the manufacturer of the trucks. The ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach California run about 1,000 trucks on LNG. (http://loga.la/oil-gas-news/?cat=53)

4. Freeport LNG Development is expected to receive federal export permits for LNG. Liquefied Natural Gas is drilling the Eagle Ford Shale and has 964 rigs. Freeports $2 billion project should be able toe export up to 1.4 billion cubic feet per day of gas by 2015. Freeport LNG could export $4 billion to $6 billion in natural gas per year.

5. Cheniere Energy has received permits to establish long-term gas export contracts. The company hopes to sell low cost LNG overseas. Freeport expects sales to Asia and the middle east (Bahrain, Dubai, Kuwait, and Saudia Arabia). Asia is currently paying $10 per million btu on the international markets. Cheniere will export LNG from the Sabine Pass terminal.

6. The Proposed Gulf Cost Terminals could export 3.4 billion cubic feet of gas daily aboard tankers.

7. Cheniere Energy plans to sell LNG to the Caribbean. Global electricity generation from burning oil products equal as much as 50 billion cubic meters a year of potential gas consumption. Cheniere plans on reaching a capacity of 16 million metric tons of LNG a year.

8. JPMorgan is committed to LNG. US exports of 1 billion cubic feet of LNG a day could create 30,000 jobs. (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-08/cheniere-plans-to-export-u-s-gas-into-caribbean-power-markets-ceo-says.html)

9. By 2015, shale gas will dominate US gas exports. (http://shaleblog.com/category/economics/) " "1.Dauvergne Brother Inc wants to create thorium breeder reactors for India.

2. The breeder reactor runs on Uranium 233 bred in its core from thorium.

3 India has thorium. The thorium must be converted to U233. The reactors start with conventional uranium nuclear fuel then converts to all thorium fuel cycle over a period of ten years. DBI simulation uses 25% uranium oxide and 75 percent thorium oxide can keep the reactor running for a decade. Eventually, thorium ores will be added. Chemical process retrieve bred fuel from the blanket and fuel rods.

(http://www.india-defence.com/reports-3545)

4. China is planning to build a Liquid Fluoride Thorium react within 20 years capable of producing 4 gigawatts of power.

5. International Thorium Energy and Molen Salt technology is planning to build a 10 megawatt thorium react in the next five years. The company needs $300 million in capital to forge ahead. A miniFuji 10,000 kW power plant will be created to provide electricity for electric vehicle recharging and computer server data farms.

6. The Single-phase molten fluoride circulation systems do not suffer from ""radiation damage"", heat removal, and chemical processing. The ionic fuel can be used for a decade without any downsize side affects to the reactor. (http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/02/chinas-thorium-reactor-and-japans.html)

7. The plutonium is used to breed the U233. So as the plutonium is being destroyed from nuclear weapons, new U233 is being created. For each one ton of U233 over 1 gigabyte of electricity is produced. Weapons into plowshares.

8. The system does not use high pressure water. If uses low pressure coolant salts. What goes in is coolant salt and what comes out is coolant salt. (http://energyfromthorium.com/)

9. India has developed the 300 MWe AHWR (Advanced Heavy Water Reactor) using low enriched uranium. The reactor is a thorium fueled reactor. The reactor spends most of the plutonium fuel that could be used for high grade weapons. (http://www.zeenews.com/news564047.html)

10. India has over 360,000 tones of thorium, 25% of the world supply, enough power to last 2100 years. (http://www.defence.pk/forums/india-defence/88278-russia-keen-partner-india-tapping-thorium-cycle.html)

11. When a U233 captures a neutron the atom fission generates 198 MeV of energy.

12. Thorium 232 has 90 protons and 142 neutrons. Thorium 232 absorbs a neutron and becomes Thorium 233 with 90 protons and 143 neutrons. U233 has a half life of 22 minutes and a neutron undergoes beta decay and turns into a proton. The decay releases an electron and an anti-neutrino. The result is pa-233 (protactinium) Protactinium has a half life of 27 days and decays into U233.

During fission the U233 nucleus splits into two new elements of unequal size, one heavy and the other light. Many of the elements can be collect and sold: xenon and neodymium. (http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/2666300/posts)" "1. Thorium is slightly radioactive metal (actinide)

2. Highest melting point of any oxide (3573 K)

3. Atomic number: 90

4. Melting point is 3182 F

5.Density 11.72 g/cc

6. Mohs hardness: 3.0

7. Largest liquid range of all elements.

8. US has 20% of thorium reserve

9. One site in Idaho produced 4500 Metric tons of Thorium per year

10. Replacing all the US electrical energy consumption would require 400 Metric tons of thorium.

11. There is 160,000 tones of extractable thorium in the US. Thorium is virtually limitless energy.

12. Thorium gives a good signal from space, so mining is very easy.

13. Thorium holds a similar promise too Fusion: safe, sustainable energy, minimal radioactive waste, and environmentally friendly.

14. thorium 232: thermal process, chemical processing system, and electricity generating system. Thermal breeding is safe and no extra material.

15. Why wasn't this done? It was a liquid system and existing system had to be broken. Uranium produced plutonium used for weapons and political these programs received government money.

16. The chemical reaction starts with U233 at the core, the thorium in the blanket becomes the Protactinium, remove the Protactinium chemical process return it to U233, and put the U223 back in the core. Hot in and cold out turns a generator producing electricity.

17. Thorium can not be used for weapons.

18. one ton of Thorium will produce 1 gigawatt of power for a year.

19. The waste decays in 300 years

20. The thorium plant could be used for Shale oil extraction and hydrogen production and desalination because of the high temperature of the reactor core." "1. The TerraWave core reactor life is 60 years.

2. The TerraWave reactor is large scale, low-risk, and affordable electricity. Fuel supply issues are eliminated in the design. Waste disposal issues and transportation are eliminated by the design. The reactor has zero biohazard risks.

3. The reactor is turned on and turned off through automation - no operator control actions. The reactor is thermostatically regulated by automation.

4. 10 TWe of electricity are predicted from the Terrawave design.

(media.com/articles/read/35m-for-terrapower-is-nuclear-power-green-power/)

What is the vision of Terrapower

1. Terra power burns the U238, burn 99% of the waste

2. Travel Wave reactor breeds the fuel.

3. Spent Uranium could power the US for hundreds of years

4. China, Russia, and India will need to switch their electricity generation to terrapower

5.Terra power will have the greatest impact for the lives of billions

http://www.ted.com/talks/bill_gates.html" "The Westinghouse SMR is a 200 MWe-class, integral pressurized water reactor. The SMR extends advances in AP 1000 reactor design. The reactor uses light water reactor components. The SMR is rapid construction and deployment. A nuclear reactor converts water into steam that turns a turbine generating electricity. The core of a reactor is uranium. Uranium starts the fission process. Control rods are made of a material that absorbs neutrons. Boron dissolved in a coolant is also used to absorb neutrons and regulate the fission process. The pressurizer contains high pressure and hot water and as the water enter the low pressure area high pressure steam is created feeding the generator producing electricity. The steam is cooled and condense and re-injected into the pressurizer. The uranium is stored in ceramic pellets. The fuel pellets are packed into zirconium rods acting as a barrier to release of fission products. The fission process is located in a shielded, 400 ton steel reactor, eight inches thick. The reactor is housed in a containment, airtight building made of steel-reinforced concrete approximately three feet thick.

(http://www.westinghousenuclear.com/smr/index.htm)" "1. The Hyperion Power Module will include a small, modular

nuclear power reactor

2. Hyperions power market goals of 4,000 fission generated power units, a nuclear battery. Each unit will produce 70 Mwt or MWe enough electricity for 20,000 homes. The units are 1.5 meters wide by 2.5 meters tall.

3. The cost is $25 million for each 25-30 MWe reactor.

4. For getting oil from oil shale, heat instead of natural gas is used. Hyperion offers a 70% reduction in operating costs, from $11 per million BTU for natural gas to $3 per million BTU for hyperion. Over five years, a single Hyperion reactor could save $2 billion in operating costs in heavy oil fields.

5. The units can be installed in remote areas near oil sand projects.

6. The reactors weight 15 tons. The 100-200 kg of Uranium will last 5-10 years.

(http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/11/hyperion-power-generation-will-finally.html)" "1. The German government hopes for shale gas development.

2. Unconventional gas resources would allow Germany to free itself from the energy hegemony of Russia.

3. Shale Gas would increase power production from gas fired plants

4. (http://naturalgasforeurope.com/shale-gas-developments-in-germany.htm)

5. The Russian natural gas cartel died and Gazprom lost as shale gas provide a cheaper energy alternative. Countries like Argentina, Germany, Poland, France, and Sweden are looking to produce Shale gas. Shale Gas is changing the future of energy relationships. If shale fields in Poland and Germany are brought online they will have the same level of production as seen in the US. Europe would be close to energy independence.

6. XTO has given Exxon a new position in the US, new shale gas technology, and changing the world’s energy view. 1 Million cubic feet of natural gas is worth $5 in the US and $14 on the world market. Alaska is exporting liquid natural gas. The US is quickly becoming the number one exporter of natural gas in the world.

7. Exxon is quietly buying up shale rights in Germany. Shell is buying up shale rights in Poland. (http://oilprice.com/Energy/Natural-Gas/Shale-Gas-Revolution-is-Changing-the-Politics-of-Energy.html) " "1. OMV Exploration and production has drill over 8,000 wells and produces oil on four continents.

2. OMV has realized the potential of shale gas in Northwest Austria and formed an unconventional gas group.

3. The rock source has a thickness of 1,000 meters

4. The Vienna basin has produced oil and natural gas

5. The natural gas test has a low nitrogen and low percentage of CO2

6. OMW is estimating 15% estimated recovery.

7. Cost reduction is one of the main points

8. Mostegel estimates 240 TCF in the European Gas Shale landscape.

(http://naturalgasforeurope.com/shale-gas-in-austria-beyond-mozart-and-wiener-schnitzel.htm) " "How much Shale Gas is to be extract in the Ukraine Message:1. North America may have 1,000 trillion cubic feet recoverable natural gas

2. Europe may have 200 trillion cubic feet for recoverable natural gas.

3. Shale gas will revolutionize the energy industry

4. Natural gas has half the CO2 as Coal

5. Shale discoveries will prevent a cartel from forming.

6. Competitive prices through subsidies will not be necessary

7. Haynesville shale is seeing costs as low as $3 per million British thermal units. Cost could drop to $2 per million BTU within 5 years.

8. Drilling casings of shale-gas deposits have been around for years and the danger of failure has been overplayed.

9. The reserves and production of new energy resources tend to increase over time

10. Russia and Iran had the largest gas reserves, but the discovery of Shale natural gas in more stable countries has been a real bonus. Russia will not be able to leverage its position to become a new OPEC.

11. Shale gas will help economic stability in industrial countries.

12. Liquid natural gas is expected to account for half of the international gas trade by 2025.

13. LNG exports from Qatar are going to European buyers forcing Russia to lower its prices.

14. Consuming nations throughout Europe and Asia will be able to turn to major U.S. oil companies and their own shale rock for cheap natural gas

15. Shale-gas resources are believed to extend into countries such as Poland, Romania, Sweden, Austria, Germany—and Ukraine

16. (http://naturalgasforeurope.com/how-shale-gas-is-going-to-rock-the-world.htm) " "1. The Ukrainian Ministry of Environment is exploring producing hydrocarbons in the Ukraine.

2. PKN ORLEN’s is launching operaitons in Ukraine

3. Dnieper-Donets Basin has an estimate 150 million tonnes of oil and 850 billion cubic meters of gas.

4. Black and Azov Sea Basin have not been explored for oil

5. (http://naturalgasforeurope.com/polands-orlen-to-pursue-unconventional-resources-in-ukraine.htm)" "1. Harold Vinegar is the oil industry leading expert on complex petroscience of transforming solid oil shale into synthetic crude.

2. Shell is convinced that shale oil is not myth. Shell says Vinegar technology will produce large quantities of high quality oil without ravaging the local environment and be profitable around $30 a barrel.

3. The Department of Energy believes that the Green River formation could produce 2 million barrels of oil a day by 2020 and three million by 2040. There is enough shale oil to maintain oil production for hundreds of years.

4. Vinegar process is called “In Situ Conversion Process” (In place) and it works like this: a. shell drills 1,800 foot wells and then inserts heating rods that raise the temperature of the oil shale to 650 degrees Fahrenheit. B) freeze walls are created by coolant piped deep into the ground preventing the oil from escaping. C) the heat transforms the kerogen into oil and natural gas. D) the natural gas is separated and oil is piped to a refinery to be converted into gasoline and other products.

5. The rapid growth in worldwide oil demand necessitates the development of unconventional oils.

6. Vinegar discovered that slower and lower temperature process – 650 degrees Fahrenheit verses 1000 degrees allows more hydrogen molecules to be liberated from kerogen being heated to react with the carbon compounds, the result is better oil, hallmarks of light crude. In 2005, Shell yielded 1,700 barrels of light oil and inserting heating rods in several hundred feet wells. Shell believes the Green River Formation could yield more than one million barrels of oil per acre.

7. Shell plans to build a refinery onsite, the first in 30 years. Some of the water utilized will be salinated water pumped from deep acquifers

8. Shell could earn a lot of money, assuming $20 a barrel profit and 300,000 barrel per day production would add $2.2 billion to Shell’s annual pretax profits. Three million barrels a day would be worth $22 billion. (http://money.cnn.com/2007/10/30/magazines/fortune/Oil_from_stone.fortune/index3.htm) " "1. We could be pumping the same amount of oil as Saudi Arabi, today, if shale oil did not have legislative barriers say Senator Hutchison. Shale oil in Colorado, Montana, Wyoming and Utah could reduce energy prices significantly. (http://hutchison.senate.gov/pr061008a.html)

2. The Omnibus appropriations bill prohits funding for oil share commercial regulations. Without these regulations, commercial production of oil shale is impossible. See Public Law 109-58 (http://www.dailyestimate.com/article.asp?id=13106)

3. Genie Energy Corporation will enter into a joint venture, in 2011, to develop oil shale on federal leasehold in Northwestern Colorado. American Shale Oil hopes to be able to demonstrate it will be able to meet air-pollution regulation. They will use hydrogen in the fuel refinery process to create clean burning fuel and reduce the pollution problems. (http://mediamatters.org/blog/201009150032)

4. Harold Vinegar, a scientist at Royal Dutch Shell has developed a process to convert oil shale into light crude oil. Sen Mary Landrieu of Lousiana was the swing vote that defeated a bill to like the shell oil moratorium. The move puts pressure on shell to abandon its multimillion dollar investment in shale oil, no return on investment. (http://money.cnn.com/2008/06/06/news/economy/birger_shale.fortune/index.htm)

5. Utah representative Jim Matheson added a provision to a house-passed energy bill that would allow oil shale development in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. (http://www.denverpost.com/opinion/ci_10502696) " "(http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/34770285/ns/business-stocks_and_economy/)

1. Shell estimates there are 300 billion barrels in the all oil reserves. There are million barrels in the Schoonebeek field that lies under a nine mile strip along the Dutch German border. Only 25 percent of the Schoonebeek's oil has been extracted

2. Shell's adventure starts at $40 to $50 a barrel with the expectation to produce 120 million barrels of oil. Development of the oil field will extract 50% of the oil.

3. Leonardo Maugeri, a senior executive of ENI claims that there will be enough oil to last at least 100 years. Peter Jackson, IHS Cambridge Energy Research Associates' thinks 60 percent of the reserves remain available. " "(http://www.wkbn.com/content/features/shale/story/Pipe-Dreams-Come-True-Thanks-to-Marcellus-Shale/1dSKSvcXg0mSkSI4_DSGow.cspx)

1. The Marcellus Shale is a layer of shale extending under New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virgina and in some places measuring 900 feet thick. The Marcellus Shale layer is sedimentary rock in the Appalachian Basin. (http://geology.com/usgs/marcellus-shale/)

2. The Marcellus Shale has 50 trillion cubic feet of gas with one trillion dollars in value. 26.5 standard cubic feet of gas per cubic foot of rock (Soeder, 1988). Estimates range as high as 363 TCF of NG. The US uses 23 TCF of NG a year.

3. To get to the gas, drillers are using horizontal drilling and high pressure water mixing with other chemicals and sand is blasted at the shale to cause fracturing. The fracturing water is pumped back out, stored, or treated. The water is not safe for reuse and must be contained.

4. In Pennsylvannia, limits have been placed to prevent drillers from dumping too much fracturing waste into community wastewater treatment plants. The plants have been overwhelm and do not have the capability to deal with complex chemistry of the hydrofrac fluid.

5. In 2010, 286 Marcellus wells have been drilled in Bradford county. Chesapeake has paid out $300 million in lease bonuses and royalties since 2008, in the county. Over $1.1 billion in payouts has occurred statewide. Chesapeake has paid $94 million in 2010 to repair and pave 300 miles of roads.

6. Hydraulic fracturing requires up to 3 million gallons of water per treatment. There are concerns about where the water will come from. Over 15,000 gallons of chemical waste could result from the 3 million gallons used in the treatment.

7. In 2008, six wells in Bedford were contaminated with natural gas from drilling. The other wells have been without incident. " "1. In 2005 water left at room temperature two days earlier had boiled for more than five hours

2. Energetics Technologies saw evidence that 25 times more electric energy was being released than had been put in. Low energy nuclear reaction began to look promising.

3. Naval Research laboratories loaded microscopic nano-particles of palladium with deuterium and in thousands of experiments measured excess heat every time.

4. In 2001, Shaul Lesin and University of California-Berkeley nuclear engineer Ehud Greenspan tested low-energy nuclear reactions in electrolytic cells with varied results.

5. The Energetics used a modulated electric current (superwave) developed by Irving Dardik, who believe that by layering waves of electric current within each other, he could load deuterium into palladium at a great level. “Waves waving within waves” drives the LENR. Superwaves are defined as a low frequency carrying wave with several successive stages of amplitude and frequency modulation. Pulse energy seems to help load more deuterium into the palladium foil. As the palladium becomes saturated with deuterium, the deuterium moves back and forth in the lattice in unison. The more deuterium that is loaded into the palladium the higher the chances of excess heat.

6. In January 2010, Energetics shipped two 16,000 kilogram containers from Israel to Columbia. Seven Israeli researchers moved to Columbia. The incubator will benefit from top flight staff and facilities for testing.

7. Before the technology can be taken to market, consistent out must be achieved. “Sometimes it a little, and sometimes it’s a lot. So clearly we don’t understand the process, and this company and this laboratory is established to achieve reliable results”, says Jake Halliday, CEO of MU Life Science Business Incubator. (http://www.columbiatribune.com/news/2010/oct/09/cold-science-heats-up/)

8. Four experimental approaches are being pursued: electrolysis (EC), glow-discharge (GD), gas loading in catalyst cells(CC), and high-pressure high-temperature cell (HPTC) with ultrasonic wave excitation. Run #64b gave 1500% excess heat over a duration of 80 hours with a total excess energy of 4.6 megajoules. The most successful run was obtained in electrolytic cells. The current flowing through an electrolytic cells, or through a glow discharge chamber, was a superwave, a mixture of several low frequency components.(http://pages.csam.montclair.edu/~kowalski/cf/204israel.html)

9. Sidney Kimmel is the angel investor. " "The Superwave fusion could produce enormous amounts of energy. A voltage is applied to two electrodes immersed in an electrolytic solution of Heavy water (deuterium) and Lithium salts and this establishes a current along a strip of palladium acting as a cathode. The coils act as the anode. The deuterium is disassociated to D+ and D- and O2 escapes to the surfaces. The D+ attach to the palladium strip. The D+ make their way into the palladium lattice. The superwave voltage regulation enhances the D+ loading into the palladium lattice. D+ makes itself deeper into the palladium lattice until it reaches saturation. The D+ fuse into Helium4 and a significant amount of energy, 24 MeV.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQ2M_SE67RM&feature=related " "1. The Hyperion Energy Center will produce 400,000 barrel per day. The refinery will produce ultra-low sulfur gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel. A integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plant will produce hydrogen, power, and steam for the refinery. The plant will require 2,000 acres of land for processing and storage facilities, in the Siouxland area. The refinery and IGCC power plant will require approximately 9 to 12 million gallons of water per day. (http://www.hyperionec.com/cms/faq/)

2. The Midwest regions import over one million barrels of refined product a day from the gulf. The US imports about 13 million barrels of crude oil and petroleum products a day.

3. Hyperion will help process the heavy Canadian crudes and reduce imports of foreign products.

4. Canadian Oil Sands developing in the US is expected to create 342,000 new jobs according to CERI (http://www.api.org/aboutoilgas/oilsands/)

5. Oil sands could represent as much as two-thirds of the world’s total petroleum resources. The Canadian Athabasca Oil sands have at least 1.7 trillion barrels of oil. The Orinoco tar sands in Venezuela have a mean estimated recoverable value of 513 billion barrels. Oil sands imports are expected to reach 3 million barrels a day by 2020 and possibly as much as 6.3 million barrels by 2035. (http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Oil-Sands-Potential-for-Energy-Security.html)

6. Oil refineries use hydrogen to improve the quality of the crude. Enough hydrogen is produced to fuel more than 30 million hydrogen vehicles. The petroleum industry could provide the hydrogen infrastructure. Currently, there are 122 hydrogen fuel stations and 12,000 hydrogen refueling stations would be needed to convert to hydrogen transportation, one tenth of the 170,000 gasoline stations in the US. (http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=pollution-free-hydrogen-vehicle-hits-driveway)

7. BP underwent a $3 billion upgrade project at BP’s Whiting refinery in Indiana. The upgrade will allow the refinery to process heavy crude from Canada. Pipelines increased capacity to export heavy crude by 1.2 million barrels between 2008 and 2010. The upgrade was expected to increase capacity to process heavy crude by 260,000 barrels per day allowing Whiting to 1.7 million gallons of gasoline and diesel per day. The centerpiece of the upgrade is a process known as a delayed coker. In an earlier stage in the refining process, vacuum distillation removes lighter fractions from the oil that are processed into gasoline and diesel. The vacuum distillation also produces a bottom fraction or a residue. The residue is fed into a coker, a furnance, where high temperatures crack the long hydrocarbon chain and produce shorter hydrocarbon molecules that can be used as transportation fuels. (http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9019308&contentId=7035197)

8. Savage and his team, funded by a $2 million National Science Foundation grant, aren’t the only ones trying to make bio-petroleum. California startup Sapphire Energy says it could produce 1 billion gallons of algal fuel annually by 2025. (http://www.wired.com/autopia/2010/04/university-of-michigan-bio-oil/) " "(http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2010/feb/14/canada-china-investment-oil-sands)

1. Canada is looking to China to help extract oil from tar sands. The move comes as American firms are turning away from tar sands because of heavy carbon footprint.

2. PetroChina has taken a 60% stake in two new tar sands projects due to get under way in the MacKay River and Dover areas next year, with plans to produce up to 35,000 barrels a day by 2014, and eventually up to 500,000 a day

3. The Pentagon is also scaling down its use of tar sands oil to meet a 2007 law requiring the US government to source fuels with lower greenhouse gas emissions. (http://oilsandstruth.org/canada-helps-create-tar-sands-world)

4. In 2010, Shell announced it was scaling back its expansion plans for the tar sands. Shell has invested almost one-third of its resources in extracting oil from tar sands and produces 155,000 barrels a day. However, Shell has reported it will be scaling down production over concerns of high costs. BP is expanding production taking a 50% stake in the Sunrise project and looking to buy a major share in a company called Value Creation. BP must comment to its shareholders about the cost of the carbon price. Shareholders will not get the votes for a special resolution against heavy crude. (http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_round_up/422839/bp_and_shell_face_new_shareholder_revolt_over_tar_sands.html)

5. Expect more Chinese investment in the resource and energy sectors.

6. Canada is the biggest source of US oil imports, with 65% of tar sands production going to refineries in the Midwest. The Midwest refineries will become larger to meet increased production demands. Water consumption and carbon footprint will become a tense issue.

7. The curbing of fossil fuels has failed. There will be more cars on the road in the near future, globally. Large scale global expansion of unconventional oil extraction is ready to happen.

8. Unconventional crude is generally heavier, thicker and more difficult to extract. The resource must undergo an intensive refining process before it can flow smoothly in pipelines. All this emits a lot of carbon. Extracting, refining and combusting a barrel of oil from there produces 82 per cent more greenhouse gases than conventional crude.

9. Will refineries grow algae farms and create biofuels, as a means to control carbon emissions?

10. The IEA estimates high-carbon oil sands, oil shale and extra heavy crude will account for 11 per cent of global oil production by 2030 " "1. Aurora will grow algae for omega-3 fatty acids and proteins for dietry supplements.

2. Aurora will sell cell mass as animal feed.

3. The switch occurred as the company failed to gain capital to build biodiesel plants. Companies like Range Fuels and Mascoma could not raise capital for plants. GreenFuel Technologies went under. ExxonMobil have committed to full-scale production agreements. (http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/algae-start-up-aurora-reorganizes-to-enter-food-market/) " "1. Novozymes Enzymes help reduce cellulose ethanol to $2 a gallon. (http://www.novozymes.com/en/MainStructure/AboutUs/Positions/Enzymes+produced+by+GMMs.htm)

2. The Cellic CTec2 enzyme will be a component in large scale commercial production of biofuels. Fermative cellulose ethanol production uses the enzymes to break down the cellulose into biomass and the sugars can be fermented into ethanol. CTec2 has worked with corn, corn stalks, different feedstock types, wheat straw, sugarcane, and woodchips. (http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/02/cellicctec2-20100216.html)

3. DARPA claims to have developed a process to process jet fuel for under $3 a gallon from algae. DARPA is looking to ramping up capability reaching 50 million gallons a year. The US government and Exxon have provided funding for the project. (http://www.heatingoil.com/blog/darpa-biofuel-from-algae-could-cost-only-1-per-gallon215/)

4. Auorora claims to have solved the issues to cost effectively produce algae year-round. It does not use paddle wheels to mix the algae, it does not need to dry the algae, and it has learned to grow the algae fast. The process cultivates algae in seawater. Aurora believes it will be able to deliver algae oil as biodiesel for $55/barrel or $1.25 a gallon. (http://gigaom.com/cleantech/aurora-calls-pilot-algae-plant-a-success-hires-new-ceo/)

5. Biofuel research is expected to be $41 billion in 2010. (http://www.cnbc.com/id/39559118)

6. Jatropha oil produced in India yields 3000 kg per hectacrea and cost about $43 a barrel. Palm oil grown in Mayalsia yields 5000 kg a hectacre and costs about $46 a barrel. (http://www.jatrophabiodiesel.org/bioDiesel.php) " "1. Is there a place for shale gas in Europe? There are 27 countries that can use the Shale gas.

2. Poland regulator should be independent but it still adopts an internal price for the natural gas which is lower than the price paid to Gazprom.

3. Poland needs 800-1000 drillers to reach shale gas potential.

4. Poland predicts to producing 4 billion cubic meters by 2015.

5. One fourth of Poland is without pipelines.

(http://naturalgasforeurope.com/shale-gas-in-poland-what%E2%80%99s-the-rush.htm)

" "http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=99258 1. European shale gas may alter the geostrategic balance between Russia and Europe

2. Shale Gas has recoverable reserves in Poland, Germany, Hungary, Romania, and Germany. Experts estimate 500 trillion cubic feet of Shale Gas in Europe.

3. Poland is the most promising country because of its large Shale Gas reserves.

4. Europe receives most of its natural gas from Siberia, Russia." "1. Xcel Energy of Minneapolis it will convert four unit at its Cherokee coal-fire electric plant in Denver to burn natural gas. The cost is $1.3 billion but it is $225 million cheaper than installing pollution control equipment on aging coal units. Xcel will close a 186 megawatt coal-fired plant in Boulder, Colorado. (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/13/xcel-energy-unveils-plan-_n_682045.html)

2. Calipine says it will convert coal-fire plants in Delaware and New Jersey to natural gas. 10 coal-fire plants in New Jersey will need to be closed or converted to natural gas. Environmental Protection agency is implementing new rules for mercury emissions, acid gases and nitrogen oxide. Calpine will convert the Deepwater Energy center in Pennsville, a 83 megawatt coal-fire plant to a natural gas plant with 158 megawatts of power. PSEG Power will undertake a $1 billion plus improvements to the 630-megawatt Hudson and Mercer plants installing pollution controls: scrubbers to control sulfur dioxide and acid gases. (http://www.njspotlight.com/stories/10/0710/1451/)

3. Progressive energy intends to close four coal-fire plants and replace two of them with natural gas by 2017. Progressive energy will close 11 coal-fire units, totaling 1,500 megawatts in four sites in the state: 600 MW L.V Sutton plant, 316 MW Cape Fear plant, 172 MW W.H Weatherspoon Plant, and 397 MW H.F. Lee Plant. (http://progress-energy.com/aboutus/news/article.asp?id=22982)

4. Low natural gas prices have caused producers in the past to slow or stop some drilling and rebalance. However, lease conditions and growth bias is preventing a reduction in the natural gas supply. Producers need a cost of $4 per million btu to remain operational. In 2011, the futures market contracts sell at $4.70 per million btu.

5. Putting a carbon tax on natural gas will help its adoption over coal because coal emits twice the carbon. " "The Rayney catalyst causes the atomic hydrogen to drop to a lower energy level forming a hydrino. The net energy released my be 100 times the energy of fossil fuel. Water as fuel. The technology is being applied to heating and electricity production.

In Dec 2008, Black light power licensed Estacado too produce gross thermal power up to a maximum continuous capacity of 250 MW or convert this thermal power to corresponding electricity

Jan 2009, Black light power licensed Electric Cooperative, Inc. of New Mexico, to use Blacklight power for the production of thermal or electric power up to a maximum continuous capacity of 250 MW or convert this termal power to corresponding electricity

Blacklight power completed a “successful independent replication and validation of its 1,000 watt and 50,000 watt reactors based on its proprietary new clean energy technology.”

On October 20, 2008, BLPI made a statement that Peter Jansson of Rowan University had completed a three month test of their reactors and validated excess heat production. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacklight_Power)

August 12, 2009: BLP press release through Hill & Knowlton claims that researchers at Rowan University reproduced BlackLight process, using their own materials. Results were claimed to show 1.2 times to 6.5 times the energy released than can be attributed by known chemical reactions

Dr Rand Mill says, ""The BlackLight Process generates more than 200 times the energy of burning hydrogen that can be harnessed to replace the thermal power in coal, oil, gas and nuclear power plants. These experimental results prove that the new power source discovered in our labs has the possibility to make a profound impact in our current energy-strapped economy""

Quote BlackLight intends to rely on existing technologies to convert thermal power to electric power. As BlackLight devices generate surface heat at grades comparable to existing commercial fire boxes in natural gas and coal-fired plants, existing heat-to-electric technologies such as gas turbine, micro-turbine and Sterling engines can be melded with BlackLight power cells to generate electricity, as well as space and process heat. end Quote

(http://x-journals.com/2009/blacklight-powers-paradigm-shifting-technology-two-new-mexico-commercial-electricity-generation-projects-announced/) " "1. Dr. Randall Mills, Blacklight catalyst causes hydrogen to take on a fractional quantum state far small than ground state, less than Bohr’s radius. The catalyst is called Rayney forming a Casmir geometry. The hydrinos produce 200 times more energy from the fractional quantum state.

2. Jon Naudts proposed hydrogen atoms inside a Casmir cavity could appear to have fractional states. Naudts said the relativistic state could appear fractional. The Casmir cavity is where local vacuum fluctuations are depleted.

3. In 2007, Ron Bourgoin published an article, “Inverse Quantum Mechanics of the Hydrogen Atom” showing the general wave equation (QED) predicts exactly the 137 fractional states claimed by Dr. Randall Mills

4. Classical quantum mechanics states hydrogen in a free space exits at the minimal ground state. " "1. The ingredients for fusion are deuterium, tritium, and isotopes of Helium

2. Electrons are shared between atoms

3. Deutrium + He3 -> proton(14.7 MeV) + He4 (3.7 MeV) + 18.4 MeV (Mass converted to energy)

4. A Deuterium + He3 reactor is optimal at 100 KeV. Crossfire fusion reactor: Electrons go to the ground and positive ions are accelerated in an electrostatic way against a negative potential. Meaning little power is required to reach a great kinetic energy (600 KeV for Boron hydrid). The Crossfire reactor uses a superconductor magnet 4.5 tesla to focus confinement; a superconducting magnet for exhausting plasma, a dielectric mirror for reflecting electromagnetic waves back to plasma. Plasma positive ion will attract electrons from neutralizers. The system will receive energy from plasma allowing the flux of electrons from ground to positive potential. The system will transfer energy to plasma pulling electrons from ground to negative potential. (http://video.helium.com/crossfire-fusor-aneutronic-nuclear-fusion-reactor-80038755)

5. 1 million metric tonnes of He3, reacted with deuterium, would generate about 20,000 terrawatt-years of thermal energy (http://www.asi.org/adb/02/09/he3-intro.html)

6. About 25 tonnes of He3 would power the United States for 1 year at our current rate of energy consumption

7. Mark Suppes builds a small fusion reactor that uses deuterium gas as a fuel. The reactor puts off 30,000 volts with negligible amounts of radiation. The reactor is zero sum and not a golden reactor, but it does demonstrate potential. (http://www.popsci.com/science/article/2010-06/deuterium-diy-man-builds-homemade-nuclear-fusion-reactor-brooklyn)

8. Helium 3 deteriorates into tritium. He3 represents 0.0002 percentage of all Helium. World demand for He3 is 76,000 liters per year, whereas, US demand is 8,000 liters. (http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2010/04/helium-3-shortage-could-mean-nuke-detection-disaster/)

9. Could you mine moon rocks with robots to extract Helium 3 for fusion reactors on earth? (http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/26179944/) " "Hydraulic Fracturing in Pennsylvania has coming under the scrutiny of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Both Halliburton and Schlumberger must submitted to the EPA the chemicals used in they hydraulic fracturing and a report on the affects the chemicals have on humans. The EPA fears the fracturing will contaminate the drinking water with the chemicals. The EPA will begin a $2 million study over the next two years on the impacts of fracturing on water. Contamination includes methane in well water.(http://www.commondreams.org/headline/2010/09/14-6)

The EPA says hydraulic fracturing has far exceeds the 2004 EPA study. The 2004 study did not address drilling in shale, up to a mile underground which includes five times the chemical-laden fluids than vertical drilling. The 2004 study excluded hydraulic fracturing from oversight of the Safe Drinking Water Act of 2005. The Petroleum Association of America found that in more than 1,000 cases of water contamination in seven states fracturing is the common thread. The cases include waste and chemicals generated by hydraulic fracturing to spill or seep into surface and groundwater supplies. (http://blog.cleantechies.com/2010/03/18/epa-national-study-hydraulic-fracturing/)

The Marcellus Shale will not be shutdown because of Environmental studies of the EPA. Energy producing areas are Haynesville Shale in Texas and Louisiana, the Barnett Shale in Texas, Montney in Canada, and Marcellus Shale in East/NorthEast in the US. (http://stocks.investopedia.com/stock-analysis/2010/will-the-epa-crack-down-on-fracking-hal-apc-nbl-cog-eog-chk-upl-xom0712.aspx) " "1. On April 20, the Department of Energy and the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China signed the Protocol on Cooperation

2. According to Shenhua Group, the coal used for the coal-to-oil project cost only 100 to 150 Yuan per ton.

3. China claims Coal liquefaction projects are profitable

4. Coal to Oil technology is a way for China to cut dependence on oil imports and take advantage of its 200 billion tons of coal reserves. (http://china.org.cn/english/news/188669.htm)

5. Four tons of coal will produce one ton of petroleum

6. Fixed asset investment of coal-to-oil processing of one million tons of petroleum is 10 billion yuan.

7. Shenhua Group invested 10 billion yuan to produce 1.08 million tons of petroleum.

8. According to the China Coal Research Institute, preparatory investment for related projects may stand at a staggering 100 billion yuan.

9. Coal liquefaction takes place in two stages: coal gasification and gas-to-liquid. During coal gasification, air and steam are added to raw coal, which is heated to several hundred degrees Fahrenheit. The carbon in the coal reacts with th oxygen and water producing Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and methane. The second stage of the coal liquefaction is known as the Fischer-Tropsch process. The coal gas is process and filter and water or carbon dioxide is added in adjusted ratios and passed over a catalyst causing the carbon monoxide and hydrogen to condense into hydrocarbon chains and water. The hydrocarbon chains can be used as a substitute for oil products such as gasoline, kerosene, and heating oil. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-coal-liquefaction.htm)

10. Coal Mines in Majata, Inner Mongolia will use coal liquefaction technology developed by US based Hydrocarbon Technologies ( HTI) a division of coal-synfuels. US Department of Energy classifies the process as “clean coal” technology.

11. Plans are to build three direct coal liquefaction plants in Shendong coalfields. Crude prices need to be above $20/barrel. (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0CYH/is_15_6/ai_89924477/) " "http://geology.com/usgs/bakken-formation-oil.shtml Survey estimated mean undiscovered volumes of 3.65 billion barrels of oil, 1.85 trillion cubic feet of associated/dissolved natural gas, and 148 million barrels of natural gas liquids in the Bakken Shale Formation of the Williston Basin Province, Montana and North Dakota. http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=61488

1. By the end of 2007, approximately 105 million barrels of oil had been produced from the Bakken Formation.

2. A shale formation stretching North Dakota and Montana may have an estimated 3 to 4.3 billion barrels of technically recoverable oil, according to a U.S. Geological Survey assessment.

3. The Bakken Shale Formation should attract investment " "Plan: 1. Ensure clean and low cost energy 2. Create New energy related manufacturing 3. Develop and deploy new cutting edge technology 4. Address Infrastructure needs: transmission lines, pipelines, and power plants 5. Promote energy efficiency and conservation. 6. More energy efficient buildings

Areas of Energy interest: 1. Clean Coal 2. Shale Oil and Gas 3. Electricity generation 4. Renewable and alternative energy 5. Purifying contaminated water 6. Nuclear Energy

Utah is an energy exporting state. 1. Oil and Gas (Vernal Tar Sand development) (Shell Shale Oil development) 2. Electricity (two geothermal plants and wind turbines)

60% of Utah lands are controlled by the federal government.

http://www.utah.gov/governor/docs/Energy-Initiatives-Imperatives.pdf" "(http://www.nevtahoilsands.com/the-utah-tar-sands.htm)

1. On the East and West side of Whiterocks Canyon in the Uinta Basin are Bitumen-saturated outcrop

2. The main part of the deposit lies at an elevation of 7,200 feet. The valley area is mostly private land surround on three sides by the Ashley National Forest.

3. The Whiterocks river has eroded through the deposit, forming a flood plain as wide as 3,500 feet..

4. The Whiteriver is a major tributary to the Duchesne and Green Rivers

5. Navajo Sandstone is bitumen-saturated in and around Whiterocks Canyon and is about 900 feet thick. Estimates by Peterson suggest 100 million barrels of oil extractable from the Navaho Sandstone.

6. Utah Tar Sand Resource consists of eight major deposits with a shallow oil resource of 32 billion barrels of oil. The largest deposit is known as Tar Sand Triangles covering an area of 148,000 acres located in Wayne and Garfield counties with 16 billion bar oil; P.R String as 4.5 billion bar oil; Hill Creek has 1.2 billion bar oil; Sunnyside has 6.0 billion bar oil; Asphalt Ridge has 1.5 billion bar oil; Circle Ridge has 1.1 billion bar oil; and White Rocks has 0.3 billion bar oil.

7. Oil richness varies from 100 to 300 barrels per acre-foot. (http://solveclimate.com/blog/20100330/athabasca-south-activity-hints-tar-sands-development-utah)

8. Earth Energy Resources, Glenn Snarr , President, “The only water we use is in the damp, clean sand, and that goes back into the mine pit and actually helps the reclamation process” Earth Energy Resources uses a proprietary solvent for removing the oil. Snarr said about 1.5 barrels of water are needed to produce one barrel of oil from Utah's tar sands. The company will be getting that water from deep groundwater, " "http://www.ltbridge.com/

How does the lightbridge reactor works?

1. The Seed Rod is made uranium-zirconium

2. The blanket is comprised of thorium-uranium fuel rods

3. Excess neutrons from the seed subassembly interact with the surrounding thorium blanket rods, producing the fissile isotope U-233

4. U-233 is subsequently burned inside the fuel rods to produce power in the... blanket rods

5. The main difference between blanket fuel rods and conventional fuel rods is material contained in the pellets: thorium-uranium oxide mixture in the blanket rods vs. uranium oxide in conventional uranium fuel rods" Alberta Tar Sand requires 220 gallons of water to produce one barrel of oil. The slurry is cooked using natural gas, enough to heat 3 million homes. The bitumen releases benzene. 2 million barrels of oil are produced per day. (http://www.newwest.net/citjo/article/albertas_tar_sands_and_idahos_wilderness_gateway/C33/L33/) "Nevtah says there is 32 billion barrels of oil in Utah, at a cost of production will be $12-15, a barrel. The system uses no water. The tar sand is crushed. The sands come in contact with a non-toxic solvent in an enclosed extractor vessel and temperatures are raised to 300 F. The material is then passed to a wash chamber where the remaining oil is removed. The oil free sand is desolventized with heat and cooled. The recovered solvent is recycled. Utah would receive royalties from every barrel of oil. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBDWGPbrj54)

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Oil_Sands_Joint_Venture) " Petroluxus separates the oil from tar sands without storing toxic water in tailing pools. The Petroluxus causes the oil too separate from the tar sands. In 24 hours over 99% of the oil is separated from the tar sand. The environmental problems associated with Tar Sands in Canada would not be a problem using Petroluxus. (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rh1GaFMytBk) "1. Advanced Clean Technologies successful completed pilot tests of oil extraction sample of Alberta tar sands. The process of separation achieved a high percentage of oil extraction. Tar sands samples from Alberta, Canada and Utah produced oil extraction rates of 99%. BLM estimates Eastern Utah has 12 to 19 billion barrels of tar sand oil and 170.4 billion barrels of oil in the Alberta Oil Sands. Advanced Clean Technologies is a subsidiary of American Petroleum Solutions (http://www.actcleantech.com/tar-sands-oil-extraction.htm)

2. South Dakota is awaiting a $10 billion gas refinery, the first since the 1970s. It will take a 2,000 mile pipeline from Alberta to SD Hyperion refinery. Hyperion will sit on 10,000 acres and use 12 million gallons of water a day. Hyperion will produce 200,000 barrels of gas and 160,000 barrels of diesel, and 40,000 gallons of jet fuel a day. (http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/tar-sands-oil-production-is-an-industrial-bonanza-poses-major-water-use-challenges/)

3. Canada has authorized 652 million cubic meters of water from the Athabasca River equaling 172 billion barrels of tar sand oil potential. In 2008, Energy Alberta using 184.3 million cubic meters of water and produced 48.7 billion barrels of oil. Toxic tailing ponds as big as lakes contain 1 trillion gallons of waste water, so polluted that 16000 ducks that have landed there have died. (http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/tar-sands-oil-production-is-an-industrial-bonanza-poses-major-water-use-challenges/)

4. To liberate oil from the tar sand, the bitumen is blasted with scalding water then slurp off. It takes 4,400 lbs of soil to recover a barrel of crude. The tailings dam is 200 times larger than the Hoover Dam. " "There are two million acres of federal land in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming rick in oil shale known as the Green River Formation with 800 billion to 2 trillion barrels of recoverable oil. (http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/nov2008/2008-11-18-10.html)

Obama reversed a Bush Administration move to permit drilling in Utah over concerns that fluids injected into gas fields could be toxic: benzene, methanol, and chemicals. Hydraulic fracturing shoots vast amounts of water, sand, and chemicals into the earth to break up rock and release gas. Halliburton, Schlumberger, and BJ services control the majority of the $15 billion hydraulic fracturing market. Of the 300 chemicals thought to be used by drillers, more than 60 are listed as hazardous by the federal government. The chemicals could make it into the ground water and become unsafe for consumption. (http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/08_47/b4109000334640.htm?campaign_id=rss_topStories)

Most of the fracturing of rock takes place below the water table. However, some of the crude can migrate.

http://solveclimate.com/blog/20100902/epa-results-show-contaminated-water-wyoming-fracking-zone

Utah’s Shale Oil and Tar Sand Oil could be developed economically. The fed needs to: 1. Establish consistent leasing programs for exploration and mine of the oil. 2. Provide tax incentives for research and development projects 3. Provide corridors for accessing, transporting, and refining the oil.

The Athabasca resource in Canada is estimated to contain 1.7 trillion barrels of oil. The Tar sands of Utah are estimated to contain 25-32 billion barrels of oil or 55% of the known tar sands of the US. Utah Tar Sand Deposits are concentrated in size separate deposits.

The Shale Oil deposit in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming in the Green River Formation are estimated at 1.2 to 2.0 trillion barrels of oil over 25,000 square miles. 321 billion barrels of Shale oil are estimated in Utah.

Oil Shale yields 25 gallons of oil per ton. Richest deposits in Utah and Colorado produce 100,000 to 1 million barrels of oil per acre.

Utah Shale oil is classified as “oil wet” meaning the oil is trapped within the pore space of host sandstone without the presence of an intervening film of connate water.

(http://www.utahmining.org/UMA%20White%20Paper%20on%20Development%20of%20Utah%20OS%20TS.pdf)

The Piceance Basin is a 4.5 million acre formation and one of the largest natural gas reserves in the Intermountain west. At least 5000 wells were drill between 2000 and 2008 in the Piceance Basin. BLM lease 95 percent of the lands surrounding the Roan Plateau. There are 120,000 well on public land in Wyoming, Montana, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Dakotas and 44 million acres are leased. 25% of US electricity is produced from natural gas. " "1. In 2005, the Clean Water Act exempted natural gas drillers from disclosing the chemicals being used in hydraulic fracturing. Shale gas development boomed in the US. In 2008, Domestic natural gas production spiked upward. In 2006, Barrnett Shale became interesting for US drillers and drilling started. (http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/weekend-shale-gas-explosion/1225)

2. The Reliance Industries of India has made three investments in shale gas, in 2010, to develop Pennylvania shale. Reliance pickup a 45% stake in Pioneer Resources Eagle Ford for $1.3 billion. Furthermore, China is working with ExxonMobil to develop shale oil in Ordos basin.

3. There are 6.2 billion barrels in North Dakota’s Three Fork formation and Bakken Formation. Point is North America’s fastest growing oil play. Profits in portfolios are expected to climb. Oil production is expected to grow for the next five to ten years in this region. ND oil production double between 2005 and 2007, totaling $8.2 billion in 2007 and exploration increased 230 percent between 2005 and 2007. Three Forks is a separate formation from Bakken. Oil producers can make money even if oil were to drop to $35-$45 range. Each well cost $5.5 million but has a 3.5 to 1 ratio return on the money. The oil is light, sweet crude oil and the least expensive to refine. Horizontal directional drilling and fracturing the rock is necessary to release the oil. (http://www.angelnexus.com/o/web/22656)

4. Pennsylvania shale has trillions of cubic feet of natural gas. George Mitchell is predicting that US natural gas prices should all drop and unhook the US from coal and foreign petroleum. Natural gas is 2/3 cheaper than oil. Natural gas prices plunged to $2.41 per MMBtu in September 2009 from $13.69 in July 2008. Marcellus shale may contain 262 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas supplying gas for a decade. Range may add 4,300 wells in Washington County in the next ten years. (http://franklintwp.info/?p=237)

5. USGS have estimated the Bakken oil reserves to range from 10 billion to 500 billion barrels. Bakken is made of Dolomites. Dolomites is a hard and dense rock with tiny pores making oil difficult to extract. In 2008, USGS estimated 4 billion barrels could be extracted with current technology. Crescent Point Energy has tested a fracturing and water flood regime that boosts recovery from wells in Saskatchewan to 30 percent of oil in place. Liquid natural gas could be shipped around the world. (http://nohotair.typepad.co.uk/no_hot_air/)

6. The world produces 74 million barrels of oil a day. (http://www.dnaindia.com/money/interview_central-banks-governments-can-t-print-barrels-of-oil-and-shale-gas-is-no-game-changer_1430619)

7. David Goldwyn says the Global Shale gas initiative is composed of 20 countries and 10 federal entities. “The US shale gas phenomenon has transformed global energy markets”, says Goldwyn. Liquefied natural gas prices have decreased. Natural gas is now competitive with coal for power generation. The US could begin exporting Liquid Natural Gas to other countries. Goldwyn thinks India and China will consume all their natural gas production, locally. Currently, 10% of natural gas comes for Shale natural gas production, world wide, and is expected to increase eight fold, in the next ten years. (http://www.state.gov/s/ciea/rmk/146249.htm)

8. The US Geological Survey will do a resource assessment of certain shale basins in India and train Indian geophysicists on how to do their own resource assessments. India is the most advanced country besides the US in the production of shale oil and natural gas. Shale formations are in India.

9. In 2012, India plans to offer shale gas areas for exploration: Cambay in Gujarat, Assam-Arakan in the Northwest, and Gondwana in central India. China’s most promising shale gas basins are Sichuan and Xinjiang Uyghur. China’s shale basin may exceed 900 trillion cubic feet. China will start shale gas production in 2011 in Chongqing reaching for 500 million cubic feet per day by 2015. US shale gas production is expected to read 10,500 mmcfd in 2015. (http://seekingalpha.com/article/213598-india-and-china-will-soon-produce-natural-gas-from-shale)

" "The new SWT 3.0-101 features a gearless drive train, synchronous generator, excited by permanent magnets.

The Wind generator is capable of 2-3 megawatts of power.

The blades are 6.8 meters in length and a diameter of 4.2 meters. The nacelle weights 73 tons making for easier transportation.

(http://www.ordons.com/201004204223/new-siemens-direct-drive-wind-turbine-ready-for-sale.html)" "http://www.waterfuelcell.org/concept.html

Electrically stable atoms have the same number of electrons as protons. When the electrons and protons are not the same the molecule is charged and called an ion.

When you put water into a voltage field with one side exposed too a positive field generator and one side is the negative field generator. The Oxygen will move towards the positive field and the Hydrogen will move towards the negative field. The strong voltage force strips electrons and weakens the water molecule covalent bond.

The positive field attracts negatively charged oxygen and negative charged electrons. The negative charged field attracts the positive hydrogen atoms. Once the negatively charged electrons are dislodged from the water the covalent bonds break. " "“The Deep Hot biosphere” by Thomas Gold support Ukrainian Theory Of Deep Abiotic Petroleum Origins theory

Between 1974 through 1994, the Russian with their SG-3 super-deep borehole on the Kola Pennisula drilled to 40,000 feet. At 3-6 miles below the crust water was discovered. 40,000 feet is half way through the Baltic continental shield. Were the Russian looking for oil? Did they find it? (http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF7/725.html)

A new deep-water exploration discovered oil off the coast of Brazil, 21.8 billion barrels making it the third largest oil reserve. (http://blogs.motortrend.com/6245781/editorial/is-the-earth-producing-more-oil/index.html)

There are more than 80 oil and gas fields in the Caspian district, all producing from crystalline basement rock. 90 petroleum fields have been developed in western Siberia.

The Kazakhstan’s proven oil reserves are estimated at 30 billion barrels, Oil and Gas Journal 2009. Kazakhstan oil production peaked at 1.4 million barrels per day. Tengiz produces 377,000 barrels per day of crude oil and is the world’s deepest giant field at 12,000 feet deep. (http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Kazakhstan/Oil.html)

The Dnieper-Donets basin is not an academic proposal, abiotic petroleum could be making the Russians rich. The Dnieper-Donets composition of sedimentary, metamorphic, an igneous rock has been condemned as not capable of producing oil. Deep seated petroleum held promise and in the 1990s, 61 wells were drill and 37 became commercially productive. The wells produced 40-350 metric tons per day of oil and 100,000 – 1,600,000 cubic meters of gas per day. Sulfer content was less than 0.3%. The Khukhrya field contains reserve in excess of 18 million metric tons and Yulyovskoye with reserves in excess of 27 million tons. (http://www.gasresources.net/DDBflds2.htm)

The Deepwater Horizon penetrated a massive undersea oil deposit, at 35,055 feet, at the Macondo site, 3-4 million barrels of oil (http://www.oilonline.com/News/NewsArticles/EasternEuropeRussia/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/34960/categoryId/65/Obama-Administration-Knew-About-Deepwater-Horizon-35000-Feet-Well-Bore.aspx)

" "1. Solix can produce 3,000 gallons of algae oil per acre, per year.

2. The algae oil can be harvested every seven days.

3. Solix began production on a two-acre site at its Coyote Gulch Demonstration facility

4. Solix reduces its freshwater requirement by using wastewater generated during the industrial plant’s coal-bed methane production

http://cleantech.com/news/5460/solix-shipping-algae-oil-biofuel-de

5. Algae lipid accumulation requires stress and time. Rapid growing algae will have lower amounts of lipids to be harvested for oil. These biological limitiations make microalgae not economically viable (http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090722/full/460449b.html)

6. Toyota and Denso refiners Nippon Oil Corp and Idemistsu Kosan join a study led by Tsukuba University to biofuels from microorganisms (http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-06-18/toyota-r-d-unit-hitachi-join-algae-biofuel-study-update1-.html)

7. Japan abandoned a $132 million algae project in the 1990s when oil prices dropped below $10 a barrel. The lost decade of cheap renewable biofuels.

8. The Department of Energy and companies including Exxon Mobil Corp plan on spending $600 million on biofuels." "1. 2005 through 2008, world cereal consumption increased by 74 million metric tons and ethanol plants used 37 million metric tons. The increase in non-ethanol related uses of cereal was only about 2 percent. Ethanol production doubled in 3 years.

2. World cereal stocks are lower relative to consumption than a decade ago. The rapid use of cereals in Ethanol production depleted cereal stocks in the world causing dramatic increases in cereal prices and food prices.

3. Ethanol cereal consumption is a small part of the world cereal stock percentage. Consumption of cereal has not changed much historically. Increased income does not translated to increased consumption of cereal. The cereal stock market has been very static or close to equilibrium. Ethanol consumption small changes have disrupted the balance of supply and demand that has been very stagnate.

4. In 2008, cereals, vegetable oils, and other food products were retreating from their peak price levels. The growth of ethanol stopped in 2008. US biodiesel and biofuel growth and production declined or level off depending on political interest and in other countries slowed. There is no consensus between biofuels and the correlation to higher food prices between 2005 and 2008.

5. Assume that higher corn prices in the US will translate to higher food prices, it makes sense that products made from corn will cost more. Corn imported to Mexico will cost more and so Mexico Tortillas exported to the US will cost more. Wholesale prices of white corn in Mexico City increased by 66 percent between 2005-2008. Mexican livestock producers experienced an increase in cost. Large increases in prices for yellow corn meant there were places in Mexico where white corn was cheaper and white corn purchases surged creating a shortage of white corn available for domestic food markets.

6. Farmers usually plant the crop that will make them the most money. Because ethanol production was expected to rise between 2007-2008, corn purchasers were willing to pay more money on futures contracts and farmers planted more corn, away from soybeans and decreased crops of soybeans causing prices to rise. The result was the largest corn acreage since World War II. In 2008, Crop rotation practices restored other crop output. Higher soybean prices encouraged farmers to expand their soybean production.

7. Higher energy costs caused fertilizer prices to increase. Corn production is dependent on fertilizers. Higher fertilizer prices discouraged corn growing and shifted some land back into soybean in 2008. Fear of not enough corn drove corn prices higher, in 2008.

8. Soybean is used in biodiesel production. Rising soybean prices caused companies to substitute for vegetable oil in biodiesel production resulting in higher prices causing sharp demands in vegetable oil.

9. Livestock and poultry are feed on corn Chicken poultry and egg price rises when feed prices rise. It takes years for beef and milk producers to adjust price to changes in feed prices. Mill ethanol produces ethanol and distiller grains that are feed to cattle, offsetting cost. Higher feed price means less livestock and poultry production and higher prices for meat, poultry, and milk. Rising vegetable oil will increase the price of salad dressing, cooking oils, and a wide range of processed foods.

10. There are many steps between the farmer and the consumer. Food products have to be processed, packaged, and delivered to supermarkets and restaurants. Each step incurs a cost. 19% of US consumer spending goes to the farmer and the rest is split among the food supply chain, trucking firms, food processors, advertisers, and food retailers. " "

1. Currently, 85% of the world's hydrogen is produced by steam reformation of natural gas, wherein natural gas and steam are converted to hydrogen. Steam reformation produces CO2.

2. QSI nanometal (such as Nano Ni) electrodes can be used to produce oxygen (O2) and hydrogen (H2)

3. Alkaline electrolysis eliminates the need for expensive precious metal catalyst and with high surface area nano-scale particles, the catalytic reaction is more efficient. Nickel and iron is ideal. QSI uses Nano NiFe electrolysis to produce hydrogen.

4. QSI is working to reach Department of Energy's 2012 target of 69% efficiency

Hydrogen Generation

http://www.qsinano.com/apps_hgen.php

http://www.avalence.com/

http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2006-09-24-gm-hydrogen-usat_x.htm

(GM Home Hydrogen refueling)

http://automobiles.honda.com/fcx-clarity/home-energy-station.aspx

(Home Energy Station)

http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/home-hydrogen-fueling-stations.htm

(Hystat Home Energy Station)

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m5CNK/is_2007_March_20/ai_n25002663/

(Hydrogen Energy Demonstration Station)

http://world.honda.com/news/2005/c051114.html

(Honda Home reformer)

http://www.hydrogencarsnow.com/hydrogen-on-demand.htm

(Ondemand hydrogen reformer)

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200411/ai_n8561646/

(Altair and Hydrogen Solar)

http://www.teledynees.com/

(Teledyne)

http://www.hydrogenics.com/

(Hydrogenics)

Hydrogen Highway

http://www.aqmd.gov/news1/2004/HydrogenStationGrandOpeningPR.html

http://www.inhabitat.com/2006/04/25/hydrogen-fueling-station/

(Ecos Hydrogen refuel station)

http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9004958&contentId=7025019

(China Refueling Station)

http://www.thehydrogencompany.com/news.php?id=166

(Florida Opens Its Second Hydrogen Fueling Station)

Do You Know That Aluminum Can Be Used As a Hydrogen Source for Fuel Cells?

http://scitizen.com/future-energies/do-you-know-that-aluminum-can-be-used-as-a-hydrogen-source-for-fuel-cells-_a-14-916.html

Platinum as a catalyst for fuel cells may become more efficient.

http://www.brightsurf.com/news/headlines/33986/Fuel_cells_gearing_up_to_power_auto_industry.html

Solar and hydrogen production can be combined (10 MW NM hydrogen/solar plant)

http://www.h2journal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=235&PHPSESSID=m8unndok1tuqlf3gt5ev8507v3

Gold, copper nanoparticles take center stage in the search for hydrogen production catalysts

http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=1689.php

Hydrogen can be produced from waste water

http://www.xogen.ca/

Hydrogen can be produced from gasified coal, natural gas, and other mixed gases http://www.westernresearch.org/management.aspx?id=518

Thermal Plasma Process for Producing Hydrogen Fuel from Methane

http://www.inl.gov/hydrogenfuels/projects/plasma.shtml " "The Casimir Force experienced and measured by placing two plates within one micron of each other. The Vacuum energy fluctuations are pushing against the external surfaces of the plates make the plate seem like there is an attraction force between them. Both surfaces of the plates are covered with gold coated quartz to maximize conductivity and robustness. A Pendulum Piezoelectric device is put into place and measures the electric differences, the electric force needed, too overcome the Casimir force. The plate separation is measured by a laser interferometer which is able to detect the twist of the pendulum. The twist is 100 microdynes. The energy between the plates is greater when they are closer than further away, the plates can not be attractive, an external force must be acting on the plates. In theory, Casimir plates can be used to prevent atoms with electrons in a higher energy level from decaying, if the “emitted light has a wavelength that does not fit between the plates.”

Book ""N Thing"" by Barrow." "See also the following links on the Bakken oil formation

http://shale-oil.blogspot.com/2008_05_01_archive.html (Shale Oil from Bakken Formation)

http://www.ndoil.org/ (North Dakota Petroleum Council)

http://www.energyandcapital.com/articles/bakken-oil-production/613 (Increasing Interest in the Bakken's Production)

http://bakkenoil.com/ (Bakken Oil) http://bakkenshale.blogspot.com/ (Bakken Shale Formation News)

The largest Shale Oil formation produced 79 million barrels of oil in 2009.

The 2009 Information is phenomenal BAKKEN Barrels of Oil: 49,293,744 (49 million barrels) Percentage: 62.1969 Wells: 1341

BAKKEN/THREE FORKS Barrels: 187,876 Percentage: .23% Wells 3

https://www.dmr.nd.gov/oilgas/stats/2009Formation.pdf " "How much oil does Texas Produce in 2007?

32,184,000 barrels in 2008

http://www.timesrecordnews.com/news/2008/aug/04/texas-leads-nation-in-oil-production/

How much Petroleum does Texas consume?

Texas’s total petroleum consumption is the highest in the Nation

Texas consumes 1,121,800 barrels of oil

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX

How large are Texas Crude Oil Reserves? 4,555 million barrels estimated in 2008

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX

Crude Oil Prices 1869-2009 http://www.wtrg.com/prices.htm

How many gallons of gasoline come from one barrel of oil? 19 to 20 gallons

Oil facts:

The world used 7.14 billion barrels of oil in 2008

In 2008, Imported oil = 12.915 million barrels and Exported oil = 1.802 million barrels for a Net = 11.114 million barrels

Garyville, LA is the largest refinery in the US with a 2008 capacity of 142,000 barrels

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ask/crudeoil_faqs.asp

Texas has 27 petroleum refineries that can process 4.7 million barrels of crude per day.

http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/state/state_energy_profiles.cfm?sid=TX " Charles M Brown utilized an array of nanometer metal metal diodes cable of rectifying frequencies up to 10^2 Hz. The agitated Johnson noise behaves like an external signal and can be conducted in one direction by a diode. The Johnson noise is generated at the junction and requires no minimum signal to initiate the conduction in one direction. V^2=4kbTRB where R is the device resistance and B is the bandwidth. Heat is absorbed into the system making the junction cold. Heat energizes the carriers and is converted in DC electricity. A Million nickel copper diodes formed in micropore membranes can which sufficient numbers in series or parallel can generate 10 microwatts. Several Watts per square meter is expected possible. "1. The Casimir force is predicted as an increase in electrostatic energy due to an increase in capacitance and voltage potential. A potential energy difference can be created using dielectric materials, Forwards parking ramp or Casimir force generating energy potential and when released outputting electricity.

2. A finite electrical current can be extracted and the circuit battery is charged by vacuum energy equal to the Casimir force.

3. The Casimir force is conservative says Robert Forward

4. Pinto estimate the Casimir force field energy transfer to be approximately 100 to 1000 erg/cm squared.

5. A Casimir engine should produce in the range of 60 to 600 TeV/cm squared or 3.6 kWh/m squared

How does the Casimir force work

1. Small cavities suppress atomic transitions and large cavities can enhance them.

2. When the size of the cavity surrounding an excited atom is increased to the point where it matches the wavelength of the photon that the atom would naturally emit, vacuum field fluctuations at that wavelength flood the cavity and become stronger than they would be in free space. Pressing Zero Point energy out of the space will cause a temporary increase in the Casimir force. The increase in Casimir force can be capture as potential energy and converted to electricity.

3. A simple diode rectifer could work like a spring compressing during potential force build up and release during magnetic field inhibition producing an alternating current (AC) and usable DC electricity

4. Fabrizo Pinto used an microlaser to optically pump the cavity creating a Casimir engine " "1. Electron theory states all matter is comprised of molecules and molecules are made of atoms.

2. Atoms are comprised of protons, neutrons, and electrons

3. Current is the result of electrons flowing over a conductive wire

4. Electrons have a negative charge and protons have a positive charge

5. Like forces repel each other

6. A proton is 1800 times heavier than an electron. When a proton and electron are brought in close proximity the electron moves because of the mass difference.

7. Electrons have a field-strength. Similar to the mass and gravity affects of planets, electrons field strength are inverse to its distance to the proton.

8. Electrons in an element of a large atomic number are grouped into rings having a definite number of electrons.

9. Electrons that are dislodged from the atom are called bound electrons. " "1. Early adopters of Bloom Energy are Google, eBay, Fedex, Staples.

2. Each Bloom energy server produces 100 kilowatts and is 67% cleaner than coal fire energy

3. Bloom Energy Server runs on oxygen and natural gas or renewable fuels

4. Bloom aims to offer a $3,000 model for residential. The corporate sized boxes cost $700,000. eBay claims the box has cut its power bill by $100,000.

http://www.marketwatch.com/story/bloom-energy-fuel-cell-aims-to-be-next-new-thing-2010-02-24" "1. In 2003 Sandia National Laboratories Z machine created a hot, dense plasma producing neutrons.

2. BB-sized deuterium capsules were placed within the target of the Z-machine.

3. Huge pulse of electricity are applied with sophisticated timing. 2003 Sandia National Laboratories Z machine created a hot, dense plasma that produces thermonuclear neutrons through the application of huge pulses of electricity. The X-Ray energy string the surface of the target capsules embedded in the cylinder produces a shock wave that compresses the deuterium within capsule fusing enough deuterium to produce neutrons." "A polywell fusion reactor confines electrons in a small volume through an electrostatic potential which is used to accelerate ions to the center of the containment field. The Polywell fusion reaction will generate a net power with no radioactive side products using hydrogen and boron 11 and proton fuels. In WB-6, the Deuterons reached kinetic energy of 10 keV. The Polywell is a wiffle ball trap of electrons, in other words, six convex magnetic fields that form a containment field. Hydrogen (p or H) and boron-11 (B11) fusing into 3 He4 and magnetic grid removes the helium.

http://www.fusor.net

According to ""www.fusor.net"", on the way Polywell works (in 10 steps) as follows:

---Quote-- 1. There are six magnets inside on either face of a cube. The north poles of the magnets face into the cube. The center of the cube has no magnetic field inside because the same poles repel each other's fields.

2. Behind the cusps formed in the magnetic field is a grid. The grid conforms to the cusps of the field.

3. Surrounding all this is a vacuum chamber.

4. The vacuum chamber is at ground potential. The grid at some High Voltage.

5. There are Deuterium gas atoms in the chamber.

6. From the chamber walls electrons are injected into the chamber.

7. The electrons are accelerated by the high voltage to electron volts (H ev being a measure of energy).

8. Some of the electrons move into the center of the vacuum chamber and ionize some of the Deuterium gas atoms to D+ by effect of the collisions.

9. The electrons clump in the center of the chamber forming a virtual cathode (negative electrode) and in conjunction with the + grid forms a field internal to the grid.

10. This field attracts D+ to the center of the chamber.

Electrons repelled by their clump in the center of the machine and attracted by the field made by the clump and the + grid, head for the + grid. The magnetic field deflects them so they do not contact the grid. As they get outside the grid the field between the + grid and the chamber walls attracts the electrons back towards the grid witch they sail through because it is mostly empty space and decelerate towards the center where the electrons are clumped. ---/Quote--

A electrostatic field is the result of a difference in electrical potentials between two different locations.

Ions are charged particles having a net positive and negative charge. Negative ions are attracted to excess positive ion charges and repelled by excess negative charges.

An electron beam of electrons can knock out of orbit and electron losing its bond to the atom. The higher energy electron fills the vacancy and drops to a lower energy level emitting a photon." "1. Anuetronic fusion dramatic reduces costs by converting energy directly to electricity. Anuetronic fusion reactions produce energy from charged particles instead of neutrons. The key is to create a device that can get charged particles to work against an electric field and fraction of the energy would be released as X-rays converted into electricity, as the X-rays.

2. Anuetronic fusion is a form of power where neutrons carry no more than 1% of the total released energy. Most studied fusion reactions release 80% of their energy in neutrons. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aneutronic_fusion)

3. There are a few Anuetronic fusion reactions have have no neutrons as products

4. The p + 11B products Helium 4 + 8.7 MeV

5. Megatesla fields have been produced with high intensity lasers. Density and pressure is required to produce fusion. Aneutronic fusion proposals use radically different confinement concepts. A p+ 11B reaction is 1.74 times larger than the fusion power.

6. The Crossfire reactor is a nuclear fusion reactor that is a combination of electrostatic confinement and magnetic confinement forming penning traps, electrostatic acceleration, injection of charged particles through magnetic cusps, magnetic reconnection, electrostatic and magnetic lenses, to produce fusion power. The magnetic cusp region reaches kinetic energy of about 600KeV (7 billion °C) at low energy consumption. The injection of charged particles is made possible by 3D injection and “in the interior of the magnets, the charged particles move longitudinally describing a circular and helical orbit around the magnetic field lines keeping away from the magnet walls.” The magnetic fields act as a lens focusing the ion charged particles (http://www.articlesbase.com/science-articles/crossfire-fusor-aneutronic-nuclear-fusion-reactor-720385.html)

7. In high magnetic fields, on the order of a megatesla, a quantum mechanical affect may suppress energy transfer from ions toelectrons. In a megatesla field an electron would lose its energy to cyclotron radiation in a few picoseconds. Megatesla have been observed with the dense plasma focus device

8. p+11B have charged products two and half times higher than deuterium and tritium.

9. Polywell fusion was pioneered by Robert W Bussard

10. The Z-machine produces ion energy of interest to hydrogen-boron reaction up to 300 keV. Ion Temperature is 100 times higher than electron temperature. " "1. Gamma rays can interact with a certain material and electrons will be loss. The electrons can be gathered in an electric field that represents a current. Most radiation detectors operate in the same way. The material can be gas or solids.

2. Photovoltaic cells can convert gamma rays into electron current, but high inefficient.

3. Gamma rays create ionization in materials. The secondary process of excitation does not cause the electrons to be removed from the atom. Most of the ionization energy ends up as kinetic energy of the electron and manifested in the form of heat. Heat can be converted to electricity. Nuclear reactors generate heat from the decay of the radioactive fission products.

4. Gamma rays can be used with thermoelectric applications to generate electricity called radionuclide-fueled thermoelectric generators. SNAP system and pacemakers get their electricity from thermoelectric generators.

(http://www.hps.org/publicinformation/ate/q4853.html)" "1. 827 KWh per person (http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/MariyaGolub.shtml)

2. In the US, the Kilowatt hour cost is between 5.9 cents and 8.4 cents. (http://web.mit.edu/ceepr/www/publications/workingpapers/2009-004.pdf)" "1. China has changed wind power generation projections to 150 gigawatts by 2020 and claims $73 per Megawatt hour costs. Today, wind cost are $89 per Megawatt hour. (http://www.slideshare.net/Equicom/china-wind-investor-presentation-september-2009-1983768)

2. Wind is abundant in China

3. The China Renewable Energy " "1. China has 100 million ebikes on the Streets. The eBike was introduced in 2001 and purchases have grown exponentially. The eBikie is popular in Beijing. 90% of the eBikes are sold in China.

2. The ebike is limited to a top speed of 12 mph by Chinese law. Newer models of ebikes have top speeds of 30 mph and can run 30 miles on 5 cents of electricity.

3. eBikes navigate along roads and bicycle lanes.

4. Chinese national regulation limit the weight of the eBike to 88 pounds

5. eBikes has a breaking distance of 4 to 5 meters

" "1. China plans to build a Smart Grid. The Smart Grid is estimated to be completed by 2020. State Grid Corporation will govern the development of the Smart Grid. State Grid Corporation provides power to 80 percent of the population. (http://solveclimate.com/blog/20090605/chinas-smart-grid-ambitions-could-open-door-us-china-cooperation)

2. China plans to install 6,209 recharging towers

3. State Grid Corporation will install 75 Electric Vehicle recharging stations in 27 cities.

4. The West-East Electricity Transfer project is an initiative to create three East-West corridors totaling 20 GW in transmission capability. China plans to install 11,000 miles of AC Ultra-high voltage lines by 2012.

5. Bloomberg estimates the cost for the smart grid project to total $590 billion. " "1. China Huaneng Group is China largest producer of electricity. In 2010, Huaneng plans to increase electricity production by 11 percent or 466.5 billion kilowatts and coal production by 29 percent or 56.86 million tons. Huaneng produces 11% of China’s electricity. Huaneng anticipates increased consumption of electricity due to brisk industrial activity.

2. In 2007, China installed 624 gigawatts (GW) and 3,042 billion kilowatt-hours (Bkwh) of generation. In 2007, electricity capacity reached 720 gigawatts and estimated gigawatt consumption to be 2,600 by 2050. China will need to build four 300 megawatt plants every week. Since 2000, electricity generation and consumption has increased 110 percent. (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/China/Electricity.html)

3. China’s electricity generation sector is dominated by five holding companies: China Huaneng Group, China Datang Group, China Huandian, Guodian Power, and China Power Investment. These five holding companies generate 50 percent of China’s electricity. China is investing into electricity generation capacity, transmission and distribution systems, and energy management software. Three power grid networks will control electricity transmission: State Power Grid Company, Northern and Northwestern Grid, and Southern Power Company. (http://www.sp-china.com/powerNetwork/gs.html)

4. Household consumption of electricity in China is expected to increase 50 percent in the next five years. China is expected to pass the US as the world largest consumer of energy by 2010. Chinese consumers are buying cars, electric furnaces, televisions, refrigerators, and other appliances. Electricity prices are fixed by the government. (http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=324&catid=13&subcatid=85)

5. According to the International Energy Agency, China, South Asia, East Asia, Latin America, Africa, and West Asia will account for 68 percent of the world energy demand between 1997 and 2020. (http://www.unescap.org/esd/energy/publications/psec/guidebook-part-one-trends.htm) "

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